| 词条 | Ignazio Silone |
| 释义 |
| honorific-prefix = The Honourable | name = Ignazio Silone | image = Silone.JPG | caption = | office = Member of Chamber of Deputies | constituency = AC - Abruzzo XXI | term_start = 11 June 1946 | term_end = 31 January 1948 | birth_date = {{birth date|1900|5|1|df=y}} | birth_place = Pescina dei Marsi, Italy | death_date = {{death date and age|1978|8|22|1900|5|1|df=y}} | death_place = Geneva, Switzerland | nationality = Italian | party = Italian Socialist Party (1917-1921; 1930-1947) Communist Party of Italy (1921-1930) Italian Democratic Socialist Party (1947-1954) Independent (1954-1978) | occupation = Author, politician }}Ignazio Silone ({{IPA-it|iɲˈɲattsjo siˈloːne|lang}}; 1 May 1900 – 22 August 1978) was the pseudonym of Secondino Tranquilli, a political leader, Italian novelist, and short-story writer, world-famous during World War II for his powerful anti-Fascist novels. He was nominated for the Nobel prize for literature ten times.[1][2] BiographyEarly life and careerSilone was born in a rural family, in the town of Pescina in the Abruzzo region. His father, Paolo Tranquilli, died in 1911 and in the 1915 Avezzano earthquake, he lost many of his family members, including his mother, Marianna Delli Quadri. He left his hometown and finished high school. In 1917, Silone joined the Young Socialists group of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), rising to be their leader.[2] He was a founding member of the breakaway Communist Party of Italy (PCd'I) in 1921, and became one of its covert leaders during the Fascist regime. Ignazio's brother Romolo Tranquilli was arrested in 1928 for being a member of the PCI and died in prison in 1931 as a result of the severe beatings he received.[2] Opposition to Stalinism and return to the PSISilone left Italy in 1927 on a mission to the Soviet Union and settled in Switzerland in 1930. While there, he declared his opposition to Joseph Stalin and the leadership of Comintern; consequently, he was expelled from the PCI. He suffered from tuberculosis and severe clinical depression and spent nearly a year in Swiss clinics; in Switzerland, Aline Valangin helped and played host to him and other migrants. As he recovered, Silone began writing his first novel, Fontamara, published in German translation in 1933. The English edition, first published by Penguin Books in September 1934, went through frequent reprintings during the 1930s, with the events of the Spanish Civil War and the escalation towards the outbreak of World War II increasing attention for its subject material.[2] The United States Army printed unauthorized versions of Fontamara and Bread and Wine and distributed them to the Italians during the liberation of Italy after 1943. These two books together with The Seed Beneath the Snow form the Abruzzo Trilogy. Silone returned to Italy only in 1944, and two years later he was elected as a PSI deputy.[2] In the course of World War II, he had become the leader of a clandestine socialist organization operating from Switzerland to support resistance groups in Nazi Germany-occupied Northern Italy. He also became an Office of Strategic Services (OSS) agent under the pseudonym of Len. Following his contribution to the anti-communist anthology The God That Failed (1949), Silone joined the Congress of Cultural Freedom and edited Tempo Presente. In 1967, with the discovery that the journal received secret funds from the United States Central Intelligence Agency, Silone resigned and devoted all his energies to the writing of novels and autobiographical essays.[2] In 1969, he was awarded the Jerusalem Prize, a literary award for writers who deal with the theme of individual freedom and society. In 1971, he was the recipient of the prestigious Prix mondial Cino Del Duca.[2] ControversyIn the 1990s, Italian historians Dario Biocca and Mauro Canali found documents which implicated that Silone acted as an informant for the Fascist police from 1919 until 1930. It is believed that the reason he broke from the Fascist police is because of the torture the inflicted upon his brother. The two historians published the results of their research in a work titled L'informatore. Silone, i comunisti e la polizia.[2] A 2005 biography by Biocca also includes documents showing Silone's involvement with the American intelligence (the OSS) during and after the World War, Biocca suggesting that Silone's political stands (as well as extensive literary work) be reconsidered in light of a more complex personality and political engagements.[3] Personal lifeIgnazio Silone was married to Darina Laracy (1917-2003), an Irish student of Italian literature and journalist. He died in Geneva, Switzerland in 1978. WorksNovels
Essays
Three of Silone's poems were included by Hanns Eisler in his Deutsche Sinfonie, along with poetry by Bertolt Brecht. Theater
Further reading
Cinematic versions
References1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=8539|title=Nomination Database|website=www.nobelprize.org|access-date=2017-01-31}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ignazio-Silone|title=Ignazio Silone {{!}} Italian author|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2017-10-04|language=en}} 3. ^{{cite news|last1=Wheatcroft|first1=Geoffrey|title=Book Review {{!}} 'Bitter Spring: A Life of Ignazio Silone,' by Stanislao G. Pugliese|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/23/books/review/Wheatcroft-t.html|accessdate=13 May 2018|work=The New York Times|date=21 August 2009}} Resources
External links{{wikiquote}}
17 : 1900 births|1978 deaths|People from the Province of L'Aquila|Italian journalists|Italian male journalists|Italian Socialist Party politicians|Italian Communist Party politicians|20th-century Italian politicians|Italian anti-communists|Italian communists|People of the Office of Strategic Services|Prix mondial Cino Del Duca winners|Jerusalem Prize recipients|20th-century Italian novelists|20th-century male writers|Premio Campiello winners|Anti-Stalinist left |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。