| 词条 | Ilha da Queimada Grande |
| 释义 |
| name = Ilha da Queimada Grande | native_name = | native_name_link = | native_name_lang = | sobriquet = Snake Island | image_name = Ilha da Queimada Grande - Itanhaém3.jpg | image_caption = Aerial view of Ilha da Queimada Grande | image_alt = | map = Brazil | map_alt = | map_width = | map_caption = Location of Ilha da Queimada Grande in Brazil | coordinates = {{coord|24|29|S|46|41|W|display=inline,title}} | etymology = | location = Atlantic Ocean | pop = | archipelago = | waterbody = | total_islands = | major_islands = | area_m2 = 430,000 | area_footnotes = | rank = | length_km = | length_footnotes = | width_km = | width_footnotes = | coastline_km = | coastline_footnotes = | elevation_m = 206 | elevation_footnotes = | highest_mount = | country = Brazil | country_admin_divisions_title = State | country_admin_divisions = State of São Paulo | country_admin_divisions_title_1 = Municipality | country_admin_divisions_1 = Itanhaém | country_admin_divisions_title_2 = Administered by | country_admin_divisions_2 = Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio) | demonym = | population = 0 | population_as_of = | population_footnotes = | population_rank = | population_rank_max = | density_km2 = | density_rank = | density_footnotes = | ethnic_groups = | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = -3 | utc_offset1_DST = | website = }}Ilha da Queimada Grande, also known as Snake Island, is an island off the coast of Brazil in the Atlantic Ocean. It is administered as part of the municipality of Itanhaém in the State of São Paulo. The island is small in size and has many different types of terrain, ranging from bare rock to rainforest, and a temperate climate. It is the only home of the critically endangered, venomous Bothrops insularis (golden lancehead pit viper), which has a diet of birds. The snakes became trapped on the island when rising sea levels covered up the land that connected it to the mainland. The ensuing selection pressure allowed the snakes to adapt to their new environment, increasing rapidly in population and rendering the island dangerous to public visitation. Queimada Grande is closed to the public in order to protect both people and the snake population; access is only available to the Brazilian Navy and selected researchers vetted by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation, the Brazilian federal conservation unit.[1][2][3] GeographyLocated approximately {{convert|33|km|mi}} off the coast of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, the island is approximately {{convert|430000|m2|acres}} in area. The island ranges in elevation from sea level to {{convert|206|m|ft}} above sea level. The island has a temperate climate that is similar to its neighbouring island Nimer. {{convert|0.25|km2|acres}} of the island is covered by rain forest; the remaining areas consist of barren rocks and open grassland. Queimada Grande ranges from an average of {{convert|18.38|C|F}} in August to {{convert|27.28|C|F}} in March, and rainfall ranges from {{convert|0.2|mm|in}} per month in July to {{convert|135.2|mm|in}} in December.[1][5] HistoryIlha da Queimada Grande has a variety of vegetation. The island is partly covered in rainforest and partly bare rock and grassy cleared areas, a result of deforestation. The deforestation is the origin of the island's name: the term "Queimada", in Portuguese, means “to burn” because when locals attempted to clear land for a banana plantation on the island, they had to clear rainforest using this technique. A lighthouse was constructed in 1909 to steer ships away from the island. The last human inhabitants left the island when the lighthouse was converted to being automated.[7][8] The island and the Ilha Queimada Pequena to the west are protected by the {{convert|33|ha}} Ilhas Queimada Pequena e Queimada Grande Area of Relevant Ecological Interest, created in 1985.[1] The Brazilian Navy has closed the island to the public[10] and the only people who are allowed on the island are research teams who receive waivers to collect data. EndangermentBecause there are so many snakes on one island, by some estimates one snake to every square meter of the island, there is competition for resources. Despite a population of 41 recorded bird species on Queimada Grande, the golden lancehead relies on only two: the Troglodytes musculus (the southern house wren), which is able to avoid the golden lancehead as a predator, and the Elaenia chilensis (a species of flycatcher), which feeds on vegetation in the same area as the snake. The island was thought to have a population of about 430,000 snakes, but recent estimates are much lower. The first systematic study of the population of the golden lancehead found the population to be 2,000 to 4,000, concentrated almost entirely in the rainforest area of the island.[11][12] This might have happened because there was a limited amount of resources and the population became level, but in 2015 an estimate by a herpetologist on a Discovery Channel documentary stated that the population remains at 2,000 to 4,000 golden lanceheads. The Bothrops insularis also may be at risk from inbreeding, effects of which are evident in the population. Because of the overall low population of the golden lancehead, the snake was labelled critically endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It also was placed on the list of Brazil's endangered animals. The island is also home to a smaller population of Dipsas albifrons, a non-venomous snake species.[1][12] See also
References1. ^{{citation|ref={{harvid|ARIE das Ilhas Queimada Pequena ... ISA}}|language=pt |title=ARIE das Ilhas Queimada Pequena e Queimada Grande|publisher=ISA: Instituto Socioambiental |url=https://uc.socioambiental.org/uc/588618|accessdate=2016-11-20}} [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]2. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|last1=Marques|first1=Otavio A. V.|last2=Kasperoviczus|first2=Karina|last3=Almeida-Santos|first3=Selma M.|title=Reproductive Ecology of the Threatened Pitviper Bothrops insularis from Queimada Grande Island, Southeast Brazil|journal=Journal of Herpetology|volume=47|issue=3|year=2013|pages=393–399|issn=0022-1511|doi=10.1670/11-267}} 3. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last1=Marques|first1=Otavio A. V.|last2=Martins|first2=Marcio|last3=Develey|first3=Pedro F.|last4=Macarrão|first4=Arthur|last5=Sazima|first5=Ivan|title=The golden lanceheadBothrops insularis(Serpentes: Viperidae) relies on two seasonally plentiful bird species visiting its island habitat|journal=Journal of Natural History|volume=46|issue=13-14|year=2012|pages=885–895|issn=0022-2933|doi=10.1080/00222933.2011.654278}} 4. ^1 {{cite journal |last= A. V. Marques |first= Otavio |last2= Martins |first2= Marcio |last3= Sazima |first3= Ivan |date= 2002 |title= A jararaca da ilha da Queimada Grande |url= http://eco.ib.usp.br/labvert/insularis%20ciencia%20hoje.pdf |journal= Ciência Hoje |publisher= Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Ciência. |volume= 31 |issue= 2 |pages= 56–59 |language= Portuguese |access-date=8 August 2015}} 5. ^1 {{Cite web|url = http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/snake-island-ilha-de-queimada-grande|title = Snake Island - Ilha da Queimada Grande|date = November 11, 2015|accessdate = October 28, 2015|website = AtlasObsura|publisher = Atlas Obscura|last = |first = }} 6. ^1 {{Cite web|url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/04/brazil-snake-island-viper-venom_n_5552149.html|title = Brazil's 'Snake Island' Is The Place Of Nightmares, We're Pretty Sure|date = July 4, 2014|accessdate = October 24, 2015|website = Huff Post Science|publisher = TheHuffingtonPost|last = Thomas|first = Emily}} 7. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.itanhaem.sp.gov.br/banco_dados/julho07/24.07.07_exposicao_cobra.doc |format=DOC |title=Exposição traz história da ilha que abriga única espécie de cobra no mundo |language=pt |publisher=Secretaria De Comunicação Social, Prefeitura Municipal De Itanhaém |year=2007 |accessdate=2016-09-20 }} 8. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Martins|first1=Marcio|last2=Sawaya|first2=Ricardo J.|last3=Marques|first3=Otavio A. V.|title=A First Estimate of the Population Size of the Critically Endangered Lancehead, Bothrops insularis|journal=South American Journal of Herpetology|volume=3|issue=2|year=2008|pages=168–174|issn=1808-9798|doi=10.2994/1808-9798(2008)3[168:AFEOTP]2.0.CO;2}} 9. ^1 {{Cite web|url = http://all-that-is-interesting.com/four-tiny-islands-you-will-never-visit|title = Four Tiny Islands That You'll Never Visit|date = December 17, 2012|accessdate = November 4, 2015|website = all-that-is-interesting|publisher = PBH network|last = Cox|first = Savannah}} 10. ^1 [https://www.vice.com/video/snake-island-part-1 Snake Island Part 1], Vice }} External links
2 : Islands of Brazil|Areas of relevant ecological interest of Brazil |
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