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词条 Incirlik Air Base
释义

  1. Etymology

  2. History

     Reconnaissance missions from Incirlik  Lebanon crisis  As a training site  Embargo  First Gulf War, Humanitarian Relief, and Operation Northern Watch  September 11, 2001 attacks  Iraq War  2005 Kashmir earthquake humanitarian relief  2006 Hezbollah–Israel War  2010 land claim lawsuits  2015 operations against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant  2016 Turkish coup attempt  Post coup attempt deterioration of relations 

  3. Nuclear Warhead Analysis

  4. Facilities

  5. Visiting notables

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2011}}{{Infobox military structure
| name=Incirlik Air Base
{{small|{{lang|tr|İncirlik Hava Üssü}}}}
| ensign=
| partof=United States Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa (USAFE-AFAFRICA)
| location= İncirlik, Adana, Turkey
| image= KC-135R Stratotanker from the 121st Air Refueling Wing at Incirlik, Turkey.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption= KC-135R Stratotanker from the Ohio Air National Guard's 121st Air Refueling Wing at Incirlik, Turkey
| pushpin_map= Turkey
| pushpin_label=Incirlik AB
| pushpin_mapsize=230
| pushpin_map_caption=Location of Incirlik Air Base, Turkey
| coordinates={{Coord|37|00|07|N|035|25|33|E|name=Incirlik Air Base|display=inline,title}}
| height=
| ownership=
| controlledby= Turkish Air Force / United States Air Force
| condition=
| built=1951
| builder=
| used=1955–present
| materials=
| demolished=
| battles=
| events=
| past_commanders=
| garrison=
39th Air Base Wing


74th Air Defence Artillery Regiment


| occupants=
| elevation = {{Convert|240|ft|0}}
| IATA = UAB
| ICAO = LTAG
| FAA =
| TC =
| LID =
| GPS =
| WMO =
| r1-number = 05/23
| r1-length = {{Convert|10000|ft|0}}
| r1-surface = Concrete
}}Incirlik Air Base ({{lang-tr|İncirlik Hava Üssü}}) {{Airport codes|UAB|LTAG}} is a Turkish air base of slightly more than 3320 ac (1335 ha),[1] located in the İncirlik quarter of the city of Adana, Turkey. The base is within an urban area of 1.7 million people,[2] {{convert|10|km|0|abbr=on}} east of the city core, and {{convert|32|km|0|abbr=on}} inland from the Mediterranean Sea. The United States Air Force and the Turkish Air Force are the primary users of the air base, although it is at times also used by the Royal Air Force and the Royal Saudi Air Force. Also, the base is the home of the 74th Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment (Patriot Unit) of the Spanish Army.[3][4]

Incirlik Air Base is the home of the 10th Air Wing (Ana Jet Üs or AJÜ) of the 2nd Air Force Command (Hava Kuvvet Komutanlığı) of the Turkish Air Force (Türk Hava Kuvvetleri). Other wings of this command are located in Merzifon (LTAP), Malatya/Erhaç (LTAT) and Diyarbakır (LTCC).[5]

Incirlik Air Base has a U.S. Air Force complement of about five thousand airmen, with several hundred airmen from the Royal Air Force and Turkish Air Force also present, as of late 2002. The primary unit stationed at Incirlik Air Base is the 39th Air Base Wing (39 ABW) of the U.S. Air Force. Incirlik Air Base has one {{convert|3048|m|ft|abbr=on}}-long runway,[6][7] located among about 57 hardened aircraft shelters. Tactical nuclear weapons are stored at the base.[8]

Etymology

The word incirlik ({{IPA-tr|indʒiɾlik|pron}}) means "fig tree grove", in the Turkish language.

History

The decision to build the Incirlik Air Base was made during the Second Cairo Conference in December 1943, but construction only began after the end of the Second World War. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers began the work in the spring of 1951. The U.S. Air Force initially planned to use the base as an emergency staging and recovery site for medium and heavy bombers. The Turkish General Staff and the U.S. Air Force signed a joint-use agreement for the new Air Base in December 1954. On 21 February 1955, the Air Base was officially named Adana Air Base, with the 7216th Air Base Squadron as the host unit. This Air Base was renamed the "Incirlik Air Base" on 28 February 1958.

Reconnaissance missions from Incirlik

The early years of its existence proved the value of the presence of the Incirlik Air Base in Turkey, not only in countering the threat of the Soviet Union during the Cold War, but also in responding to crises in the Middle East, such as in Lebanon and Israel.

Project 119L, a public U.S. Air Force weather balloon launching program served as a cover story (misinformation) for the true objective of the Incirlik Air Base: to mount strategic reconnaissance missions over the Soviet Union. Under the codename "GENETRIX", these balloon launches were carried out beginning in February 1956.

Following initial weather balloon operations, pilots began flying American Lockheed U-2 aircraft reconnaissance missions as part of "Operation Overflight" by late 1957. These included nonstop flights back and forth between Incirlik and the NATO Air Base at the Norwegian town of Bodø starting in 1958.[9]{{rp|47}} In addition, U.S. Air Force Boeing RB-47H Stratojets and U.S. Navy P4M-1Q Mercator and A3D-1Q Skywarrior reconnaissance flights operated from Incirlik into Soviet-claimed air space over the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, and as far east as Afghanistan.

The Incirlik Air Base was the main U-2 flight base in this entire region beginning in 1956.[9] This lasted until 1 May 1960, when a volley of about 14 Soviet SA-2 surface-to-air missiles shot down the U-2 aircraft flown by the American CIA pilot Francis Gary Powers near Sverdlovsk, Russia, a test site in the Soviet Union's Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) program.

Lebanon crisis

The Lebanon crisis of 1958 arose during the summer of 1958, prompting the President Dwight D. Eisenhower of the United States to order the U.S. Air Force Tactical Air Command "Composite Air Strike Force Bravo" (several squadrons) to fly immediately from the United States to Incirlik. This Composite Air Strike Force consisted of F-100 Super Sabres, B-57 Canberras, RF-101 Voodoos, B-66 Destroyers, along with the supporting WB-66 weather planes. These aircraft and their supporting airmen overwhelmed the facilities of the Incirlik Air Base – which were also supporting air transport planes that carried a U.S. Army infantry battalion from Germany to Lebanon. In the event, the U.S. Army and the U.S. Marine Corps were not involved in ground fighting. The U.S. Air Force warplanes flew non-combat missions to cover allied troop movements, to carry out a show-of-force flights over Lebanon, including over Beirut, aerial reconnaissance flights, and true news and propaganda leaflet drops on Lebanon.

As a part of an effort to bring units with combat experience into the region of Turkey, the U.S. Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) inactivated the 7216th Air Base Squadron, which had been promoted to an Air Base Group, and activated the 39th Tactical Group in its place at Incirlik on 1 April 1966. This Air Base Group assumed control of the permanent Air Force support units there, and it hosted the rotational Air Force squadrons that conducted training operations, and also maintained a NATO deterrent air force at the Incirlik Air Base.

As a training site

After the Lebanon crisis, the Tactical Air Command deployed F-100 fighter squadrons on 100-day rotations to Incirlik from the United States. The flying mission at Incirlik further diversified in 1970 when the Turkish Air Force agreed to allow the U.S. Air Forces in Europe to use its air-to-ground missile testing range at 240 km northwest Konya, providing a suitable training area for the warplane squadrons deployed to Incirlik. These units also conducted training at Incirlik’s offshore air-to-air missile range over the Mediterranean Sea.

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, except during the Cyprus dispute, many types of U.S. Air Force warplanes, including F-4 Phantom IIs, F-15 Eagles, F-16 Fighting Falcons, F-111 Aardvarks, A-10 Thunderbolt IIs, and the C-130 Hercules were based at Incirlik.

Embargo

In mid-1975, the Turkish government announced that all U.S. military bases in Turkey would be closed and transferred to the Turkish Air Force. This action was in response to an arms embargo that the United States Congress imposed on Turkey for using American-supplied equipment during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974. Only Incirlik Air Base and İzmir Air Base remained open due to their NATO responsibilities, but all non-NATO activities at these locations were suspended.

After Congress lifted the embargo in September 1978, and also restored military and naval assistance to Turkey, normal operations resumed in Turkey, and the United States and Turkey signed the Defense and Economic Cooperation Agreement (DECA) on 29 March 1980. After signing the DECA, the USAFE initiated the "Turkey Catch-up Plan" to improve the quality-of-life of airmen stationed at Incirlik. One of the major projects was a completely new base housing complex for airmen and officers.

First Gulf War, Humanitarian Relief, and Operation Northern Watch

After Iraq's 1990 invasion of neighboring Kuwait, the 7440th Composite Wing (Provisional) assumed operational control of the 39th Tactical Group. The 7440th was the air component of Joint Task Force Proven Force, which eventually controlled 140 aircraft and opened a northern front, forcing Iraq to split its defenses between the north and the south, where the main thrust of coalition attacks originated as part of Operation "Desert Storm". Following the war, Incirlik hosted "Combined Task Force Provide Comfort", which oversaw Operation Provide Comfort (OPC), the effort to provide humanitarian relief to millions of Kurdish refugees in northern Iraq.

Between 1992 and 1997 Vickers VC10s from No. 101 Squadron RAF were based here for Operation Warden over Iraq.[10]

The 39th TACG was redesignated the 39th Wing on 1 October 1993 and restructured as a standard Air Force objective wing.

The U.S. State Department’s "Operation Quick Transit" evacuated thousands of Kurds from northern Iraq late in 1996. The wing provided logistical support in Turkey to this operation, which signaled the end of the humanitarian aspect of Operation Provide Comfort (OPC). OPC ended 31 December 1996, and Operation Northern Watch (ONW) took its place 1 January 1997 with the task to enforce the U.N.-sanctioned no-fly zone north of the 36th parallel in Iraq.

The 39th Air and Space Expeditionary Wing was activated at Incirlik AB on 15 September 1997, to support and command USAF assets deployed to Incirlik supporting ONW, while Incirlik’s tent city, Hodja Village, became the USAF’s largest such "temporary" facility.

From 1994, the Turkish Air Force began receiving KC-135R-CRAG Stratotanker aerial refueling tankers. The seven aircraft are operated by the 101st Squadron, stationed at Incirlik.

September 11, 2001 attacks

In response to the September 11, 2001 attacks, Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) began in October 2001. Incirlik served as a main hub for missions in support for the war in Afghanistan, including humanitarian airlift operations, MC-130 special operations missions, KC-135 refueling missions and sustainment operations for deployed forces. The aerial port managed a 6-fold increase in airflow during the height of OEF. When the main bases in Afghanistan (Bagram Airfield) and the Uzbekistan air base (Karshi-Khanabad Air Base) were in use the Incirlik's airflow supporting OEF decreased to a baseline sustainment level.

Iraq War

ONW ended with the start of the Iraq War on March 19, 2003. ONW flew its last patrol on 17 March 2003, and closed a successful 12-year mission to contain the Iraqi military and inactivated 1 May 2003. The 39th ASEW was also inactivated, effective 1 May 2003. The wing was completely inactivated on 16 July 2003 and the 39th Air Base Group was activated in its place.

On 19 August 2003, the first rotation of deployed KC-135 Stratotankers and airmen arrived at Incirlik to support various operations in response to the 11 September 2001 attacks as well as the post-invasion reconstruction of Iraq and the ensuing insurgency.

On 6 January 2004, more than 300 U.S. Army soldiers of what would become thousands transited through Incirlik as the first stop back to their home post after spending almost a year in Iraq. Incirlik was part of what was described as the largest troop movement in U.S. history. Incirlik provided soldiers with a cot, warm location, entertainment and food for a few hours outside of a hostile war zone.

On March 12, 2004, the 39th Air Base Group inactivated and the 39th Air Base Wing activated to provide the best mix of required support and, as new mission requirements emerge, to shoulder the burden and better contribute in the global war on terrorism.

2005 Kashmir earthquake humanitarian relief

Incirlik played a bridge role by providing support in the relief operation started after the 2005 Kashmir earthquake on 8 October 2005. With the help of Turkish and American airmen, five C-130 Hercules cargo planes from Air Bases in Italy, Britain, Greece, and France flew urgently needed supplies including 10,000 tents from the warehouse of U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees in İskenderun, Turkey to Islamabad, Pakistan on 19 October.

2006 Hezbollah–Israel War

During the brief War between Hezbollah and Israel in July 2006, the Incirlik Air Base provided solace to Americans who had been evacuated by U.S. Navy warships from Beirut, Lebanon to Mersin, Turkey.

2010 land claim lawsuits

{{Update section|date=April 2018}}

In 2010, three Armenian Americans filed a lawsuit against the Republic of Turkey and two banks for compensation of {{convert|122|acre|km2}} of land in the Adana region of Turkey, where Incirlik Air Base currently stands.[11] An American court accepted the case and granted Turkey 21 days to respond to the lawsuit.[12] The defendant banks in Turkey requested from the court to extend the deadline for a response until September 2011. The court accepted the extension and the case is still ongoing.[13]

2015 operations against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

{{further|Military intervention against ISIL order of battle}}

On 13 October 2014, it was rumored that the Turkish government approved the use of Incirlik Air base to support operations against the Islamic State[14] but this was later denied.[15] On 23 July 2015, it was confirmed that the Turkish Government would begin allowing USAF UAVs and USAF combat planes to fly combat sorties against ISIL in neighboring Syria out of Incirlik Air base.[16] Ankara formally signed a deal July 29, 2015 with the United States over the use of Turkey’s Incirlik air base in the U.S.-led coalition’s campaign against the Islamic State, the Turkish Foreign Ministry said, Hurriyet reported. The agreement covers only the fight against the Islamic State and does not include air support for allied Kurdish fighters in northern Syria, a spokesman for the ministry said.[17]

On 25 April 2016, the German Federal Armed Forces announced they would commit 65 million Euro to establish a permanent presence at Incirlik, as part of Germany's commitment to the fight against ISIL. Funds will support the permanent basing of six Panavia Tornado and one Airbus A310 MRTT within six months. These will be supported by 200 troops. Separate command post (34 million Euro) and housing and recreational facilities (10 million and 4,5 million Euro respectively) will be built by the end of 2017.[18][19] {{as of|2017|5}}, due to diplomatic disagreements between Germany and Turkey, the German government is considering pulling German forces out of the base.[20]

2016 Turkish coup attempt

As a result of the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt and several Turkish Tanker Aircraft fuelling rogue Turkish F-16's, external electrical power to the base was disconnected. A Turkish no fly order was also put into effect for US military aircraft in the area. Pentagon Press Secretary Peter Cook at the time stated that "U.S. facilities at Incirlik are operating on internal power sources." EUCOM spokesman Navy Capt. Danny Hernandez said: "All our assets in Turkey are fully under control and there was no attempt to challenge that status." "There was no chaos at this base,". The security level at base did however move to DELTA, the highest level, U.S. personnel are ordered restricted to base, and locals were denied access.[21][22]

By 17th of July commercial electrical power remained disconnected but permission from Turkey to conduct US anti-ISIS air operations from Incirlik resumed; the Turkish base commander, General Bekir Ercan Van, was arrested by Turkish forces loyal to sitting president Erdoğan.[23] General Van sought asylum from the United States but was denied.[24]

Due to increasing risks some suggest moving NATO's nuclear weapons out of Turkey.[25][26][27][28][29][30][31]

Post coup attempt deterioration of relations

Due to deteriorating relations with Turkey, German MPs and lawmakers have suggested withdrawing German troops and weaponry from the base, to possibly relocate them elsewhere.[32][33][34][35][36][37]

Nuclear Warhead Analysis

Laicie Heeley, a fellow with the Budgeting for Foreign Affairs and Defense program at the Stimson Center said in 2016:[38]

{{Quote frame|From a security point of view, it’s a roll of the dice to continue to have approximately 50 of America’s nuclear weapons stationed at Incirlik Air Base in Turkey, just 70 miles from the Syrian border. These weapons have zero utility on the European battlefield and today are more of a liability than asset to our NATO allies.|align=center}}

Facilities

Following facilities exist for the service people and their family members:

  • AFN-Incirlik – Department of Defense unit providing American Forces Radio and Television Service programming
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20061012150549/http://www.inci-ehs.eu.dodea.edu/ Incirlik American School]
  • Incirlik Education Center run by University of Maryland University College for 12 courses per term in departments such as: English, History, Psychology, Mathematics, Science, Foreign Language, Business and management, Computers, Government, Sociology, and Criminal Justice
  • Fitness Center
  • A Reel Time Movie Theatre that shows second-run movies
  • Hodja Lakes Golf Course
  • An Outdoor Recreation Center that provides rental services of bikes, camping equipment, barbecue gear, etc. and coordinates trips to local areas
  • A [https://web.archive.org/web/20100117104501/http://www.39fss.com/vet.html Veterinary Clinic]

Visiting notables

  • The cast of the film Ocean's Eleven George Clooney, Matt Damon, Andy García, Brad Pitt, and Julia Roberts along with director Steven Soderbergh, toured Incirlik on 7 December 2001, immediately following their movie's premiere in Los Angeles, to show American servicemen their appreciation for serving their country.
  • Just weeks after losing Super Bowl XXXIII, Atlanta Falcons star Jamal Anderson toured the base to thank service members.
  • On 26 June 2006, Arizona Cardinals wide receiver Larry Fitzgerald visited the Incirlik Air Base to support American airmen and their families there.
  • In 2007, Chuck Norris visited Incirlik on his way back to the United States after visiting Iraq.
  • On 6 December 2011, comedian Gabriel Iglesias and rock band Daughtry visited Incirlik Air Base to show support for American airmen and their families.

See also

{{Portal|United States Air Force}}
  • Nuclear sharing
  • List of U.S. Air Force installations
  • Turkish-American relations

References

1. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.incirlik.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=6538|title=Factsheets : 39th Civil Engineer Squadron|website=www.incirlik.af.mil|access-date=2016-04-20|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927090358/http://www.incirlik.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=6538|archivedate=27 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}
2. ^{{cite web|title=Turkey: Major cities and provinces|url=http://citypopulation.de/Turkey-C20.html |publisher=citypopulation.de|accessdate=2015-02-08}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.emad.mde.es/MOPS/novoperaciones/noticias/2015/01/listado/150121-recepcion-jeconter.html|title=El General Jefe de Incirlik da la bienvenida al contingente PATRIOT español. - EMAD|first=|last=sdgtic-digenin-ccomsi|website=www.emad.mde.es}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ejercito.mde.es/misiones/asia/turquia/98_DESPLIEGUE_PATRIOT_TURQUIA.html|title=.:Ejército de tierra - DESPLIEGUE PATRIOT EN TURQUIA:.|first=JEME - Ejercito de|last=Tierra|website=www.ejercito.mde.es}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.scramble.nl/tr.htm |title=Scramble on the Web - Turkish Air Force|accessdate=15 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213101556/http://www.scramble.nl/tr.htm |archivedate=13 December 2007 }}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ead.eurocontrol.int/publicuser/protect/pu/main.jsp |title=|accessdate=1 June 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823135326/http://www.ead.eurocontrol.int/publicuser/protect/pu/main.jsp |archivedate=23 August 2014 }}
7. ^{{cite web|title=PilotWeb - LTAG|url=https://pilotweb.nas.faa.gov/PilotWeb/notamRetrievalByICAOAction.do?method=displayByICAOs&formatType=ICAO&retrieveLocId=LTAG&reportType=RAW&actionType=notamRetrievalByICAOs|website=FAA.gov|accessdate=17 July 2016}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16877666|title=Tactical nuclear weapons 'are an anachronism'|publisher=BBC News |date=3 February 2012 |accessdate=12 September 2015}}
9. ^1 {{Cite book |last=Powers |first=Francis |title=Operation Overflight: A Memoir of the U-2 Incident |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |year=1960 |ISBN=9781574884227 |page=24,29,31–35,46}}
10. ^{{cite journal |title=19 Years Over Iraq |page=11 |journal=The Official RAF Annual Review 2010 |location=Stamford |publisher=Key Publishing |date=2010-12-01}}
11. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/harut-sassounian/armenians-sue-turkey-clai_b_800003.html | work=Huffington Post | title=Armenians Sue Turkey Claiming U.S. Air Base Land | date=23 December 2010}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=u.s.-court-requests-turkey8217s-defense-in-lawsuit-filed-by-armenian-8211-americans-2011-05-17 |title=TURKEY - US court requests Turkey's defense in lawsuit filed by Armenian-Americans |website=Hurriyetdailynews.com |date= |accessdate=2016-02-13}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sabah.com.tr/Gundem/2011/09/02/abdden-ermeniler-incirliki-istiyor-notasi |title=ABD’den, ‘Ermeniler İncirlik’i istiyor’ notası! - Güncel Haberler |website=Sabah.com.tr |date=2011-02-09 |accessdate=2016-02-13}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29591916|title=Turkey 'to let US use bases' against Islamic State|publisher=BBC News|date=13 October 2014|accessdate=13 October 2014}}
15. ^{{cite web|title=Report: Turkey, U.S. haven't yet agreed on America's use of Incirlik base to fight IS|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/1.620556|website=Haaretz.com|accessdate=2014-10-13}}
16. ^{{cite news|title=Turkey to Let U.S. Military Launch Strikes Against Islamic State From Turkish Soil|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/turkey-to-let-u-s-military-launch-strikes-against-islamic-state-from-turkish-soil-1437675582|accessdate=23 July 2015|date=23 July 2015|work=The Wall Street Journal|first1=Dion|last1=Nissenbaum|first2=Emre|last2=Peker|first3=Ayla|last3=Albayrak}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://us4.campaign-archive1.com/?u=74786417f9554984d314d06bd&id=d565dbd4e4&e=1a6168d172 |title=Sitrep - Turkey: Air Base Deal Signed With U.S |website=Us4.campaign-archive1.com |date=2015-07-29 |accessdate=2016-02-13}}
18. ^{{cite journal|last1=Jennings|first1=Gareth|title=Germany to set up permanent facilities at Incirlik|journal=IHS Jane's Defence Weekly|date=4 May 2016|volume=53|issue=18|page=6}}
19. ^{{cite web|last1=Gebauer|first1=Matthias|title=Kampf gegen IS: Bundeswehr baut "Tornado"-Stützpunkt in der Türkei|website=spiegel.de|publisher=SPIEGELnet GmbH|language=German|accessdate=30 May 2016|date=25 April 2016}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/turkey-refuses-german-parliamentarians-access-to-incirlik-air-base/a-38842366|title=Germany likely to pull troops out of Incirlik air base - DW - 15.05.2017|first=Deutsche Welle|last=(www.dw.com)|website=DW.COM}}
21. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.stripes.com/news/middle-east/turkey-closes-air-space-over-incirlik-grounding-us-aircraft-at-base-1.419447 |title=Turkey closes air space over Incirlik, grounding US aircraft at base |author=John Vandiver |newspaper=Stars and Stripes |date=16 July 2016 |accessdate=16 July 2016}}
22. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/17/world/europe/turkey-us-incirlik-isis.html |title=Turkey Interrupts U.S. Air Missions Against ISIS at Major Base |author=Eric Schmitt, Dan Bilefsky |newspaper=New York Times |date=16 July 2016 |accessdate=16 July 2016}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.stripes.com/news/incirlik-airspace-reopened-turkish-base-commander-detained-1.419571|title=Incirlik airspace reopened; Turkish base commander detained|publisher=}}
24. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/18/world/middleeast/turkey-coup-erdogan.html |title= Erdogan Triumphs After Coup Attempt, but Turkey’s Fate Is Unclear |work= The New York Times |date=17 July 2016}}
25. ^{{cite web|title=Let's get our nuclear weapons out of Turkey|url=http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-andreasen-nuclear-weapons-turkey-20160811-snap-story.html|publisher=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=12 March 2017|date=11 August 2016}}
26. ^{{cite web|title=Why the U.S. should move nukes out of Turkey|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/07/25/commentary/world-commentary/u-s-move-nukes-turkey/|publisher=The Japan Times|accessdate=12 March 2017}}
27. ^{{cite web|title=Should the U.S. Pull Its Nuclear Weapons From Turkey?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/07/20/should-the-us-pull-its-nuclear-weapons-from-turkey|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=12 March 2017}}
28. ^{{cite web|title=How safe are US nukes in Turkey?|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/07/19/politics/us-nuclear-weapons-turkey-attempted-coup/|publisher=CNN|accessdate=12 March 2017}}
29. ^{{cite web|title=The U.S. stores nuclear weapons in Turkey. Is that such a good idea?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2016/07/19/an-old-nuclear-weapons-deal-raises-new-questions-about-u-s-bombs-in-turkey/|publisher=Washington Post|accessdate=12 March 2017}}
30. ^{{cite web|last1=Borger|first1=Julian|title=Turkey coup attempt raises fears over safety of US nuclear stockpile|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jul/17/turkey-coup-attempt-raises-fears-over-safety-of-us-nuclear-stockpile|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=12 March 2017|date=17 July 2016}}
31. ^{{cite web|title=Should the US remove its nuclear bombs from Turkey?|url=http://www.dw.com/en/should-the-us-remove-its-nuclear-bombs-from-turkey/a-19478491|publisher=Deutsche Welle|accessdate=12 March 2017|language=en}}
32. ^{{cite web|title=Ruf nach härterer Haltung: Politiker fordern Abzug aus Incirlik|url=http://www.n-tv.de/politik/Politiker-fordern-Abzug-aus-Incirlik-article19742406.html|publisher=N-TV|accessdate=12 March 2017|language=de}}
33. ^{{cite web|title=Streit mit der Türkei: Deutsche Politiker fordern Abzug der Bundeswehr aus Incirlik|url=http://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/streit-mit-der-tuerkei-deutsche-politiker-fordern-abzug-der-bundeswehr-aus-incirlik-14921231.html|publisher=Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung|accessdate=12 March 2017|language=de-DE|date=12 March 2017}}
34. ^{{cite web|title=Türkei: CSU-Politiker fordert Bundeswehrabzug aus Incirlik|url=http://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2017-03/csu-tuerkei-luftwaffenstuetzpunkt-incirlik-abzug|publisher=Die Zeit|accessdate=12 March 2017|date=12 March 2017}}
35. ^{{cite web|title=Incirlik: CSU plädiert für Bundeswehr-Abzug aus der Türkei - WELT|url=https://www.welt.de/politik/ausland/article162769556/CSU-plaediert-fuer-Bundeswehr-Abzug-aus-der-Tuerkei.html|publisher=DIE WELT|accessdate=12 March 2017}}
36. ^{{cite web|title=German lawmakers call for withdrawal of Bundeswehr troops from Turkey|url=http://www.dw.com/en/german-lawmakers-call-for-withdrawal-of-bundeswehr-troops-from-turkey/a-37911461|website=Deutsche Welle|accessdate=30 March 2017|language=en}}
37. ^{{cite web|title=German government finds eight alternatives to Incirlik military base in Turkey|url=http://www.dw.com/en/german-government-finds-eight-alternatives-to-incirlik-military-base-in-turkey/a-38179202|website=Deutsche Welle|accessdate=30 March 2017|language=en}}
38. ^{{cite web|last1=Baird|first1=Jim|title=US Nuclear Weapons in Turkey at Risk of Seizure by Terrorists, Hostile Forces|url=http://www.stimson.org/content/us-nuclear-weapons-turkey-risk-seizure-terrorists-hostile-forces|website=stimson.org|publisher=Stimson Center|date=14 August 2016}}

External links

  • Incirlik Air Base at U.S. Air Force web site
  • Incirlik Air Base at GlobalSecurity.org website
{{US Air Force navbox}}{{USAF Air Forces in Europe}}{{USAFE Mediterranean Bases}}{{City of Adana}}

7 : Turkish Air Force bases|Airports in Turkey|Buildings and structures in Adana Province|Buildings and structures in Adana|Turkey–United States relations|2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt|Military installations of the United States in Turkey
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