“Indianapolis Motor Speedway”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Indianapolis Motor Speedway (nicknamed The Brickyard) is an automobile racing circuit located in Speedway, Indiana (an enclave suburb of Indianapolis) in the United States. It is the home of the Indianapolis 500 and the Brickyard 400,^[4] and formerly the home of the United States Grand Prix. It is located on the corner of 16th Street and Georgetown Road, approximately {{convert|6|mi|km|0|spell=in}} west of Downtown Indianapolis.

Constructed in 1909, it is the second purpose-built, banked oval racing circuit after Brooklands and the first to be called a 'speedway'. It has a permanent seating capacity of 257,325.^[1] It is the highest-capacity sports venue in the world.^[5]

Considered relatively flat by American standards, the track is a {{convert|2.5|mi|km|adj=mid|-long}} rectangular oval with dimensions that have remained essentially unchanged since its construction. It has two {{convert|5/8|mi|m|adj=mid|-long}} straightaways, four geometrically identical {{convert|1/4|mi|m|adj=on}} turns, connected by two {{convert|1/8|mi|m|adj=on}} short straightaways, termed "short chutes", between turns 1 and 2, and between turns 3 and 4.

A modern, FIA Grade One infield road course was completed in 2000, incorporating part of the oval, including the main stretch and the southeast turn, measuring {{convert|2.605|mi|km}}. In 2008, and again in 2014, the road course layout was modified to accommodate motorcycle racing, as well as to improve competition. Altogether, the current grounds have expanded from an original {{convert|320|acre|km2|1}} on which the speedway was first built to cover an area of over {{convert|559|acre|km2|1}}. Placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1987, it is the only such site to be affiliated with automotive racing history.

In addition to the Indianapolis 500, the speedway also hosts NASCAR's Brickyard 400 and Lilly Diabetes 250. From 2000 to 2007, the speedway hosted the Formula One United States Grand Prix, and from 2008 to 2015 the Moto GP.

On the grounds of the speedway is the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Museum, which opened in 1956, and houses the Hall of Fame. The museum moved into its current building located in the infield in 1976. Also on the grounds is the Brickyard Crossing Golf Resort, which originally opened as the Speedway Golf Course in 1929. The golf course has 14 holes outside the track, along the backstretch, and four holes in the infield. The speedway also served as the venue for the opening ceremonies for the 1987 Pan American Games. The track is nicknamed "The Brickyard" (see below), and the garage area is famously known as Gasoline Alley.

History

Early history

Indianapolis businessman Carl G. Fisher first envisioned building the speedway in 1905 after assisting friends racing in France and seeing that Europe held the upper hand in automobile design and craftsmanship. Fisher began thinking of a better means of testing cars before delivering them to consumers. At the time, racing was just getting started on horse tracks and public roads. Fisher noticed how dangerous and ill-suited the makeshift courses were for racing and testing. He also argued that spectators did not get their money's worth, as they were only able to get a brief glimpse of cars speeding down a linear road.^[6]

Fisher proposed building a circular track {{convert|3|to|5|mi|0}} long with smooth {{convert|100|–|150|ft|m|adj=mid|-wide|round=5}} surfaces. Such a track would give manufacturers a chance to test cars at sustained speeds and give drivers a chance to learn their limits. Fisher predicted speeds could reach up to {{convert|120|mph|abbr=on}} on a {{convert|5|mi|adj=on|0}} course. He visited the Brooklands circuit outside London in 1907, and after viewing the banked layout, it solidified his determination to build the speedway.^[6] With dozens of car makers and suppliers in Indiana, Fisher proclaimed, "Indianapolis is going to be the world's greatest center of horseless carriage manufacturer, what could be more logical than building the world's greatest racetrack right here?"^[7]

Fisher began looking around the Indianapolis area for a site to build his track; he rejected two potential sites before finding level farmland, Pressley Farm, totaling {{convert|328|acre}} about {{convert|5|mi|0}} outside Indianapolis. In December 1908, he convinced James A. Allison, Arthur Newby, and Frank W. Wheeler to join him in purchasing the property for $72,000. The group incorporated the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Company on March 20, 1909, with a capitalization of $250,000, with Fisher and James Allison in for $75,000 apiece and Frank Wheeler and Arthur Newby on board for $50,000 each.^[6]

Construction of the track started in March 1909. Fisher had to quickly downsize his planned {{convert|3|mi|adj=on|0}} oval with a {{convert|2|mi|adj=on|0}} road course to a {{convert|2.5|mi|adj=on}} oval to leave room for the grandstands. Reshaping of the land for the speedway took 500 laborers, 300 mules and a fleet of steam-powered machinery. The track surface consisted of graded and packed soil covered by {{convert|2|in|cm|0}} of gravel, {{convert|2|in|cm|0}} of limestone covered with taroid (a solution of tar and oil), {{convert|1|-|2|in|cm|0}} of crushed stone chips that were also drenched with taroid, and a final topping of crushed stone. Workers also constructed dozens of buildings, several bridges, grandstands with 12,000 seats, and an {{convert|8|ft|adj=on}} perimeter fence. A white-with-green-trim paint scheme was used throughout the property.^[6]

The first event ever held at the speedway was a helium gas-filled balloon competition on Saturday, June 5, 1909, more than two months before the oval was completed.^[8] The event drew a reported 40,000 people.^[7] Nine balloons lifted off "racing" for trophies; a balloon by the name of Universal City won the race, landing {{convert|382|mi}} away in Alabama after spending more than a day aloft.^[6] The first motorsport event at the track consisted of seven motorcycle races, sanctioned by the Federation of American Motorcyclists (FAM), on August 14, 1909. This was originally planned as a two-day, 15-race program, but ended before the first day was completed due to concerns over suitability of the track surface for motorcycle use.^[9] These early events were largely planned by one of the top names in early auto racing promotion, Ernest Moross, who earned fame for his bold and sometimes outlandish barnstorming events at fairgrounds tracks with racing star Barney Oldfield.

On August 19, 1909, fifteen carmakers' teams arrived at the track for practice. The track surface again became a concern with drivers being covered in dirt, oil, and tar and with ruts and chuckholes beginning to form in the turns. Speedway workers oiled and rolled the track prior to the gates opening to the public. Fifteen to twenty thousand spectators showed up, paying at the most $1 for a ticket. Halfway through the first {{convert|250|mi|adj=on}} event, race leader Louis Chevrolet was temporarily blinded when a stone smashed his goggles. Wilfred Bourque, driving in a Knox, suffered a suspected rear-axle failure resulting in his car flipping end over end on the front stretch before crashing into a fence post. Both he and his mechanic, Harry Halcomb, died at the scene.^[6]

The first day of car racing resulted in four finishes and two land speed records, but concerns over safety led AAA officials to consider canceling the remaining events. Fisher promised the track would be repaired by the next day and convinced officials that the show should go on. The second day saw 20,000 spectators, no major incidents, and additional speed records broken.^[6]

On the third day of racing, 35,000 spectators showed up to watch the grand finale {{convert|300|mi|adj=on}} race. At {{convert|175|mi}} into the race, the right front tire blew on Charlie Merz's car. His car mowed down five fence posts and toppled dozens of spectators. Two spectators and his mechanic, Claude Kellum, were killed in the crash. Ten laps later, driver Bruce Keen struck a pothole and crashed into a bridge support. The race was then halted and the remaining drivers given engraved certificates instead of trophies. The race resulted in the AAA boycotting any future events at the speedway until significant improvements were made.^[6]

Fisher and his partners began looking into the idea of paving the track with bricks or concrete. Paving in 1909 was still relatively new with only a few miles of public roads paved, leaving little knowledge of what would work best. Traction tests were conducted on bricks, proving they could hold up. Less than a month after the first car races, the repaving project began. Five Indiana manufacturers supplied 3.2 million {{convert|10|lb|adj=on}} bricks to the track. Each was hand laid over a {{convert|2|in|adj = on}} cushion of sand, then leveled and the gaps filled with mortar. At the same time, a concrete wall {{convert|33|in}} tall was constructed in front of the main grandstand and around all four corners to protect spectators.^[6] The final brick added to the track was made of gold and laid in a special ceremony by Governor Thomas R. Marshall. Before the work was completed, locals nicknamed the track The Brickyard.^[10] Today, {{convert|3|ft|m}}, or one yard, of original bricks remain exposed at the start-finish line.^[11]

In December 1909, eleven drivers and a few motorcyclists returned for speed trials. Drivers soon reached speeds of up to {{convert|112|mph|abbr=on}} on the new surface.^[6] Racing returned in 1910, with a total of 66 automobile races held during three holiday weekends (Memorial Day, Independence Day and Labor Day).^[9] Each weekend featured two or three races of {{convert|100|to|200|mi|km}}, with several shorter contests. Each race stood on its own and earned its own trophy. All races were sanctioned by the AAA (as were the Indianapolis 500 races through 1955). 1910 also saw the speedway host the National Aviation Meet, featuring Wilbur and Orville Wright and highlighted by Walter Brookins setting a world record by taking a plane up to {{convert|4938|ft}}.^[7]

A change in marketing focus led to only one race per year beginning in 1911.^[9] An estimated 80,000 spectators attended the first {{convert|500|mi|adj=on}} race on Memorial Day, May 30, 1911. Forty cars competed with Ray Harroun winning at an average speed of {{convert|74.602|mph}}. While all the other drivers in the race had a riding mechanic in their car, Harroun decided to save weight and go faster by driving solo. So, to be able to see what was happening behind his No. 32 Marmon "Wasp", he installed a rear-view mirror. It was the first time such a device was used in an automobile.^[7]

The golden age (1912–1929)

A classic race followed in 1912, when Ralph DePalma lost a five-lap lead with five laps to go after his car broke down. As DePalma pushed his car around the circuit, Joe Dawson made up the deficit to win. Three of the next four winners were European, with DePalma being the exception as an American national, though originally Italian born. These races gave Indy a worldwide reputation and international drivers began to enter. The 1916 race was shortened to 120 laps, for a number of reasons including a lack of entries from Europe (there were so few entries that the speedway itself entered several cars), a lack of oil, and out of respect for the war in Europe.^[7]

On September 9, 1916, the speedway hosted a day of short racing events termed the "Harvest Classic", composed of three races held at 20-, 50-, and 100-mile (32, 80 and 160 km) distances.^[12]^[13]^[14] In the end, Johnny Aitken, in a Peugeot, would win all three events, his final victories at the facility. The Harvest Classic contests were the last races other than the Indianapolis 500 to be held on the grounds for seventy-eight years.

Racing was interrupted in 1917–1918 by World War I, when the facility served as a military aviation repair and refueling depot. When racing resumed, speeds quickly increased.

At the 1925 event, Pete DePaolo became the first to average 100 mph (160 km/h) for the race,^[7] with a speed of {{convert|101.13|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.^[16]

In 1926, Fisher and Allison were offered "a fortune" for the speedway site by a local real estate developer.^[16] They refused, selling instead to former racing driver (and World War One fighter ace) Edward V. Rickenbacker in 1927. How much he paid was not revealed.^[17] Rickenbacker built a golf course in the infield.^[17] The next year, Allison died from pneumonia.^[17]

The "junkyard" formula (1930s)

With the Great Depression hitting the nation, the purse dropped from a winners share of $50,000 and a total of $98,250 in 1930 to $18,000 and $54,450, respectively. There is a common misconception the rules were "dumbed down" to what was called the "junkyard formula" to allow more entries during the depression. The rules were indeed changed, but it was due to an effort by the speedway to get more car manufacturers involved in the race by discouraging the entry of specialized racing machines which dominated the 500 during the mid- to late 1920s. The rule changes, in fact, were already being laid out before the market crash.

In 1931, Dave Evans performed a remarkable feat when his Cummins Diesel Special completed the entire 500 miles without a pit stop.^[18] It was also the first diesel entrant.

In 1933, a record 42 cars started the 500. For 1934, a maximum fuel consumption limit was imposed, {{convert|45|USgal|impgal l|abbr=on}}.^[18] It became {{convert|42.5|USgal|impgal l|abbr=on}} in 1935 and {{convert|37.5|USgal|impgal l|abbr=on}} in 1936.^[18] When the limits resulted in several top competitors running out of fuel in the closing stages, the limits were abandoned,^[18] though the use of pump gasoline was still mandatory.^[18]

By the early 1930s, rising race speeds began to make the track increasingly dangerous, and in the period 1931–1935 there were 15 fatalities. This forced another repavement, with tarmac replacing the bricks in parts of the track. In addition, during the 1935–36 seasons the inside wall was removed in the corners, the outside wall was realigned (to change the angle compared to the track, reducing the potential for cars to vault over it), hard crash helmets became mandatory, and the first yellow light system was installed around the track. The continuing track dangers during this period, however, did not stop Louis Meyer or Wilbur Shaw from becoming the first two three-time winners, with Shaw also being the first back-to-back winner in 1939 and 1940.^[7]

Start of the Hulman era (1940s)

At the beginning of the 1940s, the track required further improvements. In 1941, about a third of "Gasoline Alley" (the garage area) burned down before the race. With U.S. involvement in World War II, the 1942 500-mile race was cancelled in December 1941. Late in 1942, a ban on all auto racing led to the canceling of the 500-mile race for the rest of the war, for a total of three years (1942–1945). The track was more or less abandoned during the war and fell into a state of disrepair.^[7]

Many of the locals conceded that the speedway would be sold after the war and become a housing development. With the end of the war in sight, on November 29, 1944, three-time 500 winner Wilbur Shaw came back to do a {{convert|500|mi|km|sing=on}} tire test approved by the government for Firestone. Shaw was shocked at the dilapidated state of the speedway and contacted owner Eddie Rickenbacker, only to discover that it was for sale. Shaw then sent out letters to the automobile industry to try to find a buyer. All the responses indicated that the speedway would be turned into a private facility for the buyer. Shaw then looked around for someone to buy the speedway, who would reopen the racetrack as a public venue. He found Terre Haute businessman Tony Hulman. Meetings were set up and the speedway was purchased on November 14, 1945. Though not officially acknowledged, the purchase price for the speedway was reported by the Indianapolis Star and News to be $750,000. Major renovations and repairs were made at a quick pace to the frail speedway, in time for the 1946 race. Since the record 42 cars that started the 1933 edition of the 500, the field size has been set at 33 drivers, with only three exceptions to this rule, the first being 1947, when only 30 cars started due to a strike by certain teams affiliated with the ASPAR drivers, owners and sponsors association.^[7]

Since then the speedway has continued to grow. Stands have been built and remodeled many times over, suites and museums were added, and many other additions helped bring back Indy's reputation as a great track.^[7]

The fabulous roadsters (1950s)

In the 1950s, cars were topping out at {{convert|150|mph|abbr=on}}, helping to draw more and more fans. The low-slung, sleek cars were known as roadsters and the Kurtis, Kuzma, and Watson chassis dominated the field. Nearly all were powered by the Offenhauser, or "Offy", engines. The crowd favorite Novi, with its unique sound and look, was the most powerful car of the decade that dominated time trials. However, they would never make the full {{convert|500|mi|km}} in first place, often breaking down before the end or having to make too many pit stops because of the massive engine's thirst for fuel and the weight that went with the extra fuel.^[7]

The track's reputation improved so much that the 500-mile race became part of the Formula One World Championship for 10 years (1950–1960), even though none of the Indy drivers raced in Formula One and only Ferrari's Alberto Ascari of the F1 drivers at the time raced in the 500 in 1952. Five-time world champion Juan Fangio practiced at the speedway in 1958, but ultimately decided against racing there. The 1950s were also the most dangerous era of American racing. Of the 33 drivers to qualify for the 1953 race, nearly half, 16, were to eventually die in racing accidents.^[7]

Rear-engine revolution (1960s–1990s)

In October 1961, the final remaining brick sections of the track were paved over with asphalt, with the exception of a distinct three-foot-wide line of bricks at the start-finish line. The "Brickyard" thus became known for its "Yard of Bricks". After being widely ignored by Formula One drivers when it was an F1 World Championship event, a wave of F1 drivers went to the speedway in the 1960s, and the rear-engine revolution that was started by the Cooper F1 team changed the face of the 500 as well, with {{f1|1959}} and {{f1|1960}} world drivers' champion Jack Brabham of Australia qualifying his Cooper in 13th for the 1961 race. The Cooper used a smaller (2.7-liter) and less powerful Coventry Climax engine compared to the 4.4-liter Offy engines used by the other 32 cars and was slower on the straights, but many took note of the British car's superior handling through the turns. Brabham qualified 17th and after running as high as third, would ultimately finish ninth after completing all 200 laps. Despite this, many doubters claimed the rear-engine cars were for drivers who liked to be pushed around, though as Brabham said "It started the rear-engined revolution at Indy".

From 1970 to 1981, Indianapolis had a twin in the city of Ontario, California, by the name of the Ontario Motor Speedway. This track was known as the "Indianapolis of the West" and the home of the California 500, but was a financial failure due to poor management and not holding enough races on the racetrack.^[7]

In the 1977 Indy 500, Janet Guthrie made history when she became the first female driver to qualify for the race. Guthrie started the race from 18th position but retired with timing gear failure after 27 laps. She was eventually classified 29th. 1977 also saw A.J. Foyt make history when he became the first driver to win the race four times.

1979 saw the second exception to the 1934 33-driver field rule. By the late 1970s there arose some resistance from certain car owners and drivers as to the direction being taken by USAC, the auto racing sanctioning body that among other things, governed the Indianapolis 500 event. Some of the dissident teams formed their own racing body, Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART). USAC responded by barring six of the most famous teams in the sport from qualification (including Roger Penske and Dan Gurney), for "undermining the well-being of USAC". The ruling would sideline former Indy winners Bobby Unser, Al Unser Sr., Gordon Johncock, and Johnny Rutherford. After a court injunction in favor of CART, and a controversy where exhaust pipe rules were clarified after qualifications began and certain teams with an altered exhaust pipe were "locked into" the field, USAC held an additional qualification round on the day before the race, announcing that any driver who could post a faster speed than the slowest qualifier (Roger McCluskey) would be allowed to start the race. Bill Vukovich and George Snider were added to the lineup, bringing the field to 35. A crisis was averted for the moment, but USAC's handling of both issues was seen as bungling by some people, and as outright manipulation by others, and that year spelled the beginning of the end for USAC's governance of the Indy Car series.^[19]

The 1980s brought a new generation of speedsters, led by four-time race winner Rick Mears who also broke the 220 mph (355 km/h) speed mark in qualifying (1989) and won six pole positions. Other stars of the decade included Danny Sullivan, Bobby Rahal, and F1 veteran Emerson Fittipaldi. The 1989 race came down to a final ten-lap, thrilling duel between Fittipaldi and Al Unser, Jr., culminating in Unser crashing in the third turn of the 199th lap after making contact with Fittpaldi's right front tire.^[7]

The early 1990s witnessed Arie Luyendyk winning in what was then the fastest 500 to date, with an average speed of {{convert|185.981|mph|abbr=on}}. That record was not eclipsed for almost a quarter of a century, until Tony Kanaan won the 2013 race with an average speed of over {{convert|187|mph|abbr=on}}. Rick Mears became the third four-time winner after a late-race duel with Michael Andretti in 1991, and in 1992, Al Unser, Jr. eked out a hard-fought victory by defeating last-place-starting driver Scott Goodyear by 0.043 of a second, a margin that is still the closest finish in race history. The 500 got a new look in 1996 when it became an Indy Racing League event, formed as a rival to CART.^[7]

There was another qualifying controversy in 1997, arising over the IRL's "25/8 rule" which locked the previous year's top-25 overall points finishers into the Indianapolis race, regardless of their qualifying speed, leaving only eight spots open for entries to qualify on speed alone. The rule effectively guaranteed that IRL cars would get precedence over CART cars in the qualifying for the Indy 500. Two CART drivers who posted qualifying speeds fast enough to make the race were bumped to make room for slower IRL cars with more 1996 racing points. USAC complained to the IRL that the field would not include the 33 fastest cars. It was decided to add the two cars, driven by Johnny Unser and Lyn St. James, back into the field, once again bringing the number of starters to 35. This marked the last time the 500's starting field has been larger than 33 drivers.

Unification (2000s)

The early 2000s saw drivers from the rival CART series begin to cross over to compete at the Indianapolis 500. In the 2000 Indianapolis 500, multiple CART champion team Chip Ganassi Racing brought their drivers Juan Pablo Montoya and Jimmy Vasser to Indianapolis. Montoya qualified second, led 167 laps and won the race convincingly, becoming the seventh Indy 500 rookie to win the race. The next year, Team Penske made its return to the Indianapolis 500 after a five-year absence and was joined by Ganassi, Walker Racing and Michael Andretti, driving for Team Kool Green in a separate effort headed by Kim Green, known as "Team Motorola". For the second straight year, an Indy rookie won the race as Hélio Castroneves took the checkered flag. Roger Penske then elected to move his entire operation over to the IRL beginning in 2002, taking Castroneves and teammate Gil de Ferran with him. After fielding one car in 2002, Ganassi Racing followed Penske to the IRL full-time for the 2003 season. Michael Andretti, who had left his long-time ride at Newman-Haas Racing because he wanted to run the Indianapolis 500 again (something they were not willing to do), bought a majority interest in CART's Team Green, which returned to Indianapolis in 2002 with Dario Franchitti, Paul Tracy and Michael Andretti, and moved it to the IRL that same year as Andretti Green Racing, and in 2004 former CART champion Bobby Rahal's operation moved to the IRL as Rahal Letterman Racing. Castroneves repeated his Indianapolis 500 win in 2002 despite controversial circumstances involving a late race caution and a pass made by Tracy, and his teammate de Ferran won in 2003.^[7]

In 2003, the Indy Lights Series, a minor league series to the IndyCar Series, made history with the first May race at the track since 1910, other than the 500. The Freedom 100, first held during the final qualifying weekend, has been moved to "carburetion day" on the Friday before the 500. From 2005–2007, the Indy Lights became the first racing series since 1916 to run at the race course twice in one year. The first event being the Freedom 100, held on the oval track as part of the Indianapolis 500 weekend, and the second event, the Liberty Challenge, during the United States Grand Prix weekend, competing on the Grand Prix road course.^[20]

In mid February 2008, Champ Car filed for bankruptcy. In late February, an agreement was reached for Champ Car to be merged with the IRL, and the first IRL IndyCar Series season since the unification took place in 2008. Scott Dixon, driving for Chip Ganassi Racing, became the first native of New Zealand to win, in the 2008 Indianapolis 500.^[7]

In the 100th anniversary year of the construction of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, Hélio Castroneves became the sixth three-time winner of the 500 in the 2009 Indianapolis 500. Danica Patrick also had her best finish ever (third place) in the race, also the best finish ever by a woman in the history of the Indianapolis 500.^[7]

Other racing at the Speedway

NASCAR and IROC at Indy

From 1919 to 1993, the Indianapolis 500 was the only sanctioned race held at the Speedway. When Tony George (Hulman's grandson) inherited the track, he spearheaded an effort to bring more racing events to the track. In August 1994, the Brickyard 400 for the NASCAR Winston Cup Series made its debut, and at the time, featured the largest crowd and largest cash purse in NASCAR history. From 1998 to 2003, an IROC event was held as a support race.^[7]

Since 2012, the Brickyard 400 has been supported by the Lilly Diabetes 250 of the NASCAR Xfinity Series. Known for a time as Kroger Super Weekend, it also previously hosted the Brickyard Grand Prix for the TUDOR United Sports Car Championship on the infield road course.

Formula One

In 1998, Tony George arranged for Formula One to return to the United States for the first time since 1991. A two-year renovation and construction project added an infield road course and culminated in the first United States Grand Prix at the facility in 2000. With over 200,000 spectators in attendance, it was one of the largest crowds in the history of Formula One, and considered a huge success. The race was also pivotal to Michael Schumacher's winning of the 2000 World Championship, as he came out on top while Mika Häkkinen's engine blew, resulting in an eight-point lead of the championship that set Schumacher up for only needing one win in the remaining two races, something he achieved at the next event.

The short history of the event, however, was littered with controversies. The 2002 United States Grand Prix was marred by a bizarre ending, in which Michael Schumacher, having already clinched the championship, seemingly tried to stage a dead heat with teammate Rubens Barrichello. The official timings showed Barrichello ahead by 0.011 seconds at the line, leading fans and media to dub the event a farce.^[21] The 2002 race was also the first ever Formula One race to use SAFER barriers. In 2003 Schumacher once more set himself up for the title with an Indianapolis win in a dramatic wet-dry event. The 2005 race turned out to be one of the most controversial races in motorsport history. Michelin realized their tires were ill-equipped for the banking after two heavy crashes for Toyota both for Ralf Schumacher and stand-in Ricardo Zonta, and at the last second, the Michelin teams pulled into the pits at the end of the formation lap, leaving only the three Bridgestone teams (six cars) to contest the race.^[21] Fans and media were highly critical of the poor handling of the situation. Many fans walked out, and costly ticket refunds were issued. The 2005 event was not the first tire issue for Michelin as Ralf Schumacher also had heavily crashed, fracturing his back in the 2004 race, while Fernando Alonso also suffered a tire blowout at the end of the start-finish straight in that same event.

Despite the outrage of the 2005 event, the race returned for two additional years. The race did not enjoy the level success of its earlier runnings, and attendance and interest fell dramatically. The race was left off the calendar for 2008, and efforts to revive the race for 2009 were not successful.^[22] In 2012, the U.S. Grand Prix relocated to the Circuit of the Americas.

Motorcycle racing

From 2008 to 2015, the speedway hosted a round of Grand Prix motorcycle racing. The race marked the first motorcycle racing event at the facility since 1909.

Modifications approved by the FIA and FIM were made to the combined road course, bringing the new layout to a total of 16 turns. The motorcycle course was designed to run counter-clockwise, the same direction as the oval events. The banking of oval turn one was bypassed by a new infield section, dubbed the "Snake Pit Complex". In addition, the double-hairpin after the Hulman Straight was replaced with traditional esses.^[23]

IndyCar Grand Prix

Beginning in 2014, the IndyCar Series began holding a race on the combined road course in early May, serving as a lead-in to the Indianapolis 500.^[24] The infield road course was modified once again, to make the circuit more competitive, better for fans, and more suited for Indy cars.^[25]

Brickyard Vintage Racing Invitational

The Brickyard Vintage Racing Invitational, held in mid-June, is a racing meet for vintage racing, held on the road course. The event is sanctioned by the Sportscar Vintage Racing Association.^[26] In addition to multiple classes of racing on the road course, oval track exhibitions featuring historical Indy cars have also been part of the event. The feature event of the weekend is the annual Indy Legends Charity Pro–Am race.

Golf

From 1960 to 1968,^[27] the Speedway Golf Course hosted a PGA Tour event, the 500 Festival Open Invitation; its earlier editions were held during the days surrounding the Indy 500 race week. In 1968, it also held an LPGA tournament, the 500 Ladies Classic in mid-June, won by Mickey Wright.^[28] A reconstruction project was completed {{Years or months ago|1993}} in 1993, converting the 27-hole layout (18 holes outside, nine in the infield) to an 18-hole championship course designed by legendary golf architect Pete Dye. Renamed "Brickyard Crossing," it features 14 holes outside, and four holes in the infield, with an infield lake. At par 72, it measures {{convert|7180|yd|0}} from the back tees with a course rating of 75.1 and a slope of 149.^[29]^[30]

A senior tour event, the Brickyard Crossing Championship, was played there from 1994 through 2000,^[31] and it has also hosted college tournaments. An LPGA event, Indy Women in Tech Championship, debuted in 2017.

Other events

Since 1977, the city of Indianapolis has hosted a half marathon, which includes one lap around the speedway. Known as the "OneAmerica 500 Festival Mini-Marathon", it usually starts the official events that occur prior to the Indy 500.

At the 1987 Pan American Games, the speedway hosted the opening ceremonies and the speed roller skating competition.^[32]

During the three-year centennial era, announced on May 23, 2008, special festivities which included a balloon festival to commemorate the first event, was held at two of the major races at the speedway, the Indianapolis 500, and the Brickyard 400. In February 2012, the facility was used to host events during the week of Super Bowl XLVI, which was held in Indianapolis.^[33]

Since the mid-2000s, the speedway has occasionally hosted USAC quarter midget races on an infield oval.

Since 2016, the facility hosts a round of the Red Bull Air Race World Championship in early October.

Headquarters

The opening of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in 1909 dates back close to the birth of the sport of American Championship car racing. Since its inception, the Speedway has been metonymous within the sport. Many Indy car teams, suppliers, and constructors, have been and are based in the greater Indianapolis area, some within blocks of the track. When USAC was formed in 1956, the sanctioning body's headquarters were constructed nearly across the street. The current sanctioning body, IndyCar, is headquartered in buildings directly across the street.

The track, and occasionally the headquarters, is sometimes referred to as "16th & Georgetown", owing to the track's address at the corner of 16th Street and Georgetown Road, and particularly the administration building's physical location at the corner of that intersection (which is now a roundabout).

The Speedway and the city of Indianapolis is closely tied to Indy car racing, analogous to the link NASCAR has to the greater Charlotte area. The term "Indy" and its variations synonymous with motorsports ("Indy 500", "Indy car," etc.) derive directly from the shorthand nickname ("Indy") of the city ("Indianapolis") itself.

Records

Indianapolis 500-Mile Race

Brickyard 400

United States Grand Prix

Red Bull Indianapolis GP

Grand Prix of Indianapolis

Seats

In 2004, The Indianapolis Star journalist Curt Cavin counted 257,325 seats, a world record.^[35] The number of seats was reduced to an estimated 235,000 in 2013.^[36]

Race winners

Oval dimensions

In popular culture

See also

References

1. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/motor/irl/indy500/2004-05-27-attendance-count_x.htm|title=USATODAY.com - Take a seat: Study puts Indy's capacity at 257,325|website=usatoday30.usatoday.com|accessdate=May 8, 2018}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1524&ResourceType=District |title=Indianapolis Motor Speedway |work=National Historic Landmarks Program |publisher=National Park Service |accessdate=2009-06-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605230706/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1524&ResourceType=District |archivedate=June 5, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}
3. ^{{NRISref|2009a}}
4. ^{{cite web|url={{NHLS url|id=75000044}} |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form: Indianapolis Motor Speedway |date=October 1985|author=Charleton, James H. |publisher=National Park Service}} and {{NHLS url|id=75000044|title=Accompanying two photos from 1985|photos=y}}
5. ^{{cite web|title=100 000+ Stadiums|url=http://www.worldstadiums.com/stadium_menu/stadium_list/100000.shtml|publisher=World Stadiums|accessdate=November 23, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605134734/http://www.worldstadiums.com/stadium_menu/stadium_list/100000.shtml|archive-date=June 5, 2011|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}
6. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹{{cite web|title=FEATURES: Indianapolis Motor Speedway: Birthplace of Speed|url=http://www.automobilemag.com/features/racing/0906_indianapolis_motor_speedway_birthplace_of_speed/index.html|publisher=automobilemag.com|accessdate=November 24, 2010|date=May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100813130152/http://www.automobilemag.com/features/racing/0906_indianapolis_motor_speedway_birthplace_of_speed/index.html|archive-date=August 13, 2010|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}
7. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴¹⁵¹⁶¹⁷¹⁸¹⁹²⁰²¹{{cite web|title=Indy 500: Indianapolis Motor Speedway History|url=http://www.indystar.com/article/99999999/SPORTS0107/90429082/Indy-500-Indianapolis-Motor-Speedway-history|publisher=Indystar.com|date=May 14, 2010|access-date=November 23, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003200022/http://www.indystar.com/article/99999999/SPORTS0107/90429082/Indy-500-Indianapolis-Motor-Speedway-history|archive-date=October 3, 2013|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}
8. ^{{cite web|title=Fun Facts|url=http://www.indianapolismotorspeedway.com/indy500/history/35357-Fun-Facts/|publisher=indianapolismotorspeedway|accessdate=November 23, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100509212730/http://www.indianapolismotorspeedway.com/indy500/history/35357-Fun-Facts/|archivedate=May 9, 2010|df=mdy-all}}
9. ^¹²Scott, D. Bruce; INDY: Racing Before the 500; Indiana Reflections; 2005 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109204718/http://indianareflections.com/index.asp |date=November 9, 2007 }} {{ISBN|0-9766149-0-1}}.
10. ^{{cite web|title=IMS Milestones: 1906–1911 – Indianapolis Motor Speedway|url=http://www.indianapolismotorspeedway.com/history/35207-1906-1911-Milestones|publisher=Indianapolismotorspeedway.com|date=March 26, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510020733/http://www.indianapolismotorspeedway.com/history/35207-1906-1911-Milestones/|archivedate=May 10, 2010|df=mdy-all}}
11. ^{{cite web|title=FAQs about the Indianapolis Motor Speedway|url=http://www.indianapolismotorspeedway.com/about/35550-FAQ/|publisher=Indianapolismotorspeedway.com|date=March 26, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108141330/http://www.indianapolismotorspeedway.com/about/35550-FAQ/|archivedate=November 8, 2010|df=mdy-all}}
12. ^Dill, Mark; "A Forgotten Classic;" 2006 Allstate 400 at the Brickyard Official Program; Indianapolis Motor Speedway; 2006.
13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.champcarstats.com/year/1916.htm |title=1916 AAA National Championship Trail |publisher=Champcarstats.com |date= |accessdate=2009-11-21 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5yFhHL0Nm?url=http://www.champcarstats.com/year/1916.htm |archive-date=April 27, 2011 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.motorsport.com/stats/champ/byyear.asp?Y=1916 |title=Compete channel |publisher=Motorsport.com |date= |accessdate=2009-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209102217/http://www.motorsport.com/stats/champ/byyear.asp?Y=1916 |archive-date=December 9, 2008 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}
15. ^Kettlewell, Mike. "Indianapolis: The Richest Race in the World", in Northey, Tom, ed. World of Automobiles (London: Orbis, 1974), Volume 9, p.1014.
16. ^¹Kettlewell, p.1014.
17. ^¹²Kettlewell, p.1015.
18. ^¹²³⁴Kettlewell, Mike. "Indianapolis: The Richest Race in the World", in Northey, Tom, ed. World of Automobiles (London: Orbis, 1974), Volume 9, p.1015.
19. ^{{cite web|title=INDYCAR: CART/USAC Memories – Indy 1979|url=http://auto-racing.speedtv.com/article/indycar-cart-usac-memories-indy-1979//P2/|publisher=Fox Sports|date=May 6, 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614142656/http://auto-racing.speedtv.com/article/indycar-cart-usac-memories-indy-1979/P2|archivedate=June 14, 2009|df=mdy-all}}
20. ^{{cite web|title=FAQs about the Indianapolis Motor Speedway|url=http://www.indianapolismotorspeedway.com/about/35550-FAQ/|publisher=Indianapolismotorspeedway|accessdate=November 23, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108141330/http://www.indianapolismotorspeedway.com/about/35550-FAQ/|archivedate=November 8, 2010|df=mdy-all}}
21. ^¹{{cite web|title=United States Grand Prix history |url=http://www.formula1.com/news/features/2004/6/1739.html |publisher=formula1.com |accessdate=November 23, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930211803/http://www.formula1.com/news/features/2004/6/1739.html |archivedate=September 30, 2007 |df=mdy-all }}
22. ^{{cite web|last=Miersma|first=Seyth|title=Formula One could Return to Indy by 2009|url=http://eurosport.yahoo.com/07032008/58/indy-return-2009.html|publisher=Next Autos|accessdate=November 23, 2010|date=March 7, 2008}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
23. ^{{cite web|title=New IMS motorcycle circuit|url=http://www.racecar.com/Motorsport/News/New-IMS-motorcycle-circuit-../18003.htm|publisher=racecar.com|accessdate=November 23, 2010|date=July 17, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715145139/http://www.racecar.com/Motorsport/News/New-IMS-motorcycle-circuit-../18003.htm|archive-date=July 15, 2011|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.indycar.com/News/2013/09/9-26-IMS-board-approves-Speedway-road-course-race|title=Board approves Indianapolis Motor Speedway road course event for May 2014|publisher=IndyCar Series|date=September 26, 2013|accessdate=September 26, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927001630/http://www.indycar.com/News/2013/09/9-26-IMS-board-approves-Speedway-road-course-race|archive-date=September 27, 2013|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}
25. ^{{cite web|last=DiZinno|first=Tony|url=http://motorsportstalk.nbcsports.com/2013/10/01/grand-prix-of-indianapolis-set-for-may-10-2014-on-revised-course/related/|title=Grand Prix of Indianapolis set for May 10, 2014 on revised course|publisher=NBC Sports|date=October 1, 2013|accessdate=October 1, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006020332/http://motorsportstalk.nbcsports.com/2013/10/01/grand-prix-of-indianapolis-set-for-may-10-2014-on-revised-course/related/|archive-date=October 6, 2013|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}
26. ^{{cite journal|last1=Sweetman|first1=Bruce|title=Open Invite|journal=Autoweek|date=July 6, 2015|volume=65|issue=13|page=11|issn=0192-9674}}
27. ^{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=tqdVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8OADAAAAIBAJ&pg=6735%2C2310540|work=Eugene Register-Guard |location=(Oregon) |agency=Associated Press |title=Bold Casper edges rook |date=June 10, 1968 |page=2B}}
28. ^{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vadVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8OADAAAAIBAJ&pg=5087%2C3969098 |work=Eugene Register-Guard |location=(Oregon) |agency=Associated Press |title=Consistent Wright 'speeds' to crown |date=June 17, 1968 |page=2B}}
29. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.brickyardcrossing.com/ |publisher=Brickyard Crossing |title=Scorecard |accessdate=April 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501160907/https://www.brickyardcrossing.com/ |archive-date=May 1, 2018 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
30. ^{{cite web|url=https://ncrdb.usga.org/NCRDB/courseTeeInfo.aspx?CourseID=18847 |publisher=USGA |title=Course Rating and Slope Database™ - Brickyard Crossing GC |accessdate=April 30, 2018}}
31. ^{{cite web|title=Brickyard Crossing Information |url=http://www.brickyardcrossing.com/content/General/Brickyard_Crossing_Information/129|publisher=Brickyardcrossing.com |accessdate=November 23, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212195020/http://brickyardcrossing.com/content/General/Brickyard_Crossing_Information/129|archivedate=December 12, 2010 |df=mdy-all}}
32. ^{{cite book|title=The Games of August: Official Commemorative Book |publisher=Showmasters |location=Indianapolis |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-9619676-0-4}}
33. ^{{cite web|title=NFL Names Indianapolis Site of Super Bowl XLVI|url=http://www.brandweek.com/bw/news/sportsent/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003805779|publisher=Brandweek|accessdate=November 23, 2010|date=May 20, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526043551/http://www.brandweek.com/bw/news/sportsent/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003805779|archive-date=May 26, 2008|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
34. ^{{cite web|title=Race Results at Indianapolis Motor Speedway|url=http://www.racing-reference.info/tracks/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway|publisher=racingreference.info|accessdate=November 23, 2010}}
35. ^Take a seat: Study puts Indy's capacity at 257,325 – Curt Cavin, The Indianapolis Star, May 27, 2004
36. ^[https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/motor/indycar/2013/05/15/indianapolis-motor-speedway-indy-500-seating-capacity/2164499/ Indy 500 will have smallest capacity since 2000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426091541/http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/motor/indycar/2013/05/15/indianapolis-motor-speedway-indy-500-seating-capacity/2164499/ |date=April 26, 2016 }} – Curt Cavin, The Indianapolis Star, May 16, 2013