| 词条 | Interaction |
| 释义 |
Interaction is a kind of action that occur as two or more objects have an effect upon one another. The idea of a two-way effect is essential in the concept of interaction, as opposed to a one-way causal effect. A closely related term is interconnectivity, which deals with the interactions of interactions within systems: combinations of many simple interactions can lead to surprising emergent phenomena. Interaction has different tailored meanings in various sciences.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} Changes can also involve interaction. Casual examples of interaction outside science include:{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}
Physics{{main|Force|Fundamental interaction}}In physics, a fundamental interaction (depending on the nature of the interaction, it might also be called a fundamental force) is a process by which elementary particles interact with each other. An interaction is often described as a physical field, and is mediated by the exchange of gauge bosons between particles. For example, the interaction of charged particles takes place through the mediation of electromagnetic fields, whereas beta decay occurs by means of the weak interaction. An interaction is fundamental when it cannot be described in terms of other interactions. There are four known fundamental interactions in nature: The electromagnetic, strong, weak and gravitational interactions. The weak and electromagnetic interactions are unified in electroweak theory, which is unified with the strong force in the standard model. ChemistryInteractions between atoms and molecules: {{Main|Molecular recognition|Intermolecular force|Noncovalent bonding|Hydrogen bond|van der Waals force|Aromatic interaction|Cation-pi interaction|Hydrophobic effect|Coordination complex|Metallophilic interaction|Electronic correlation}}{{see also|Interface (chemistry)}}BiochemistryMolecular biology{{Main|List of protein interactions|Interactome}}In molecular biology, the knowledge on gene/protein interaction among themselves and with their metabolites is referred to as molecular pathways. Medicine and pharmacology{{main|Drug interaction}}{{also|Poly drug use#Dangerous interactions}}In medicine, most medications can be safely used with other medicines, but particular combinations of medicines need to be monitored for interactions, often by the pharmacist. Interactions between medications fall generally into one of two main categories:
In terms of efficacy, there can be three types of interactions between medications: additive, synergistic, and antagonistic.
Biology and genetics{{Main|Biological interaction|Gene–environment interaction|Cell–cell interaction}}Geneticists work with a number of different genetic interaction modes to characterize how the combination of two mutations affect (or does not affect) the phenotype:[1]noninteractive, synthetic, asynthetic, suppressive, epistatic, conditional, additive, single-nonmonotonic and double-nonmonotonic. Further characterizations is enhancement interaction and nonadditive interaction. Biosemioticists investigate sign-mediated interactions within and between organisms that underlie syntactic, pragmatic and semantic rules. The word epistasis is also used for genetic interaction in some contexts. Communications{{main|Interactivity}}Sociology{{main|Social interaction}}In sociology, social interaction is a dynamic, changing sequence of social actions between individuals (or groups) who modify their actions and reactions due to the actions by their interaction partner(s). Social interactions can be differentiated into accidental, repeated, regular, and regulated. Social interactions form the basis of social relations. Statistics{{main|Interaction (statistics)}}In statistics, an interaction is a term in a statistical model in which the effect of two, or more, variables is not simply additive. An example from statistics applied to health scienceIf we were examining the effect of two variables, gender and premature birth, on health outcomes, we would describe any difference in health outcome scores between genders as a main effect. Similarly any difference in scores of full term/premature birth would be described as a main effect. The presence of an interaction effect implies that the effect of gender on health outcome varies as a function of premature birth status. Computers{{main|Human–computer interaction}}{{see also|Interaction cost|Interactive computation|Interface (computing)}}== Media art== In media, interactivity is a feature of the media in question and as digital technology becomes more accessible to the masses interest in interactivity is increasing and becoming a cultural trend especially in the arts. == See also ==
References1. ^{{Cite journal |author1=Becky L. Drees |author2=Vesteinn Thorsson |author3=Gregory W. Carter |author4=Alexander W. Rives |author5=Marisa Z. Raymond |author6=Iliana Avila-Campillo |author7=Paul Shannon |author8=Timothy Galitski | title = Derivation of genetic interaction networks from quantitative phenotype data | journal = Genome Biology | year = 2005 | volume = 6 | pages = R38 | doi = 10.1186/gb-2005-6-4-r38 | url = http://genomebiology.com/2005/6/4/R38 | pmid = 15833125 | issue = 4 | pmc = 1088966}} External links{{commons category-inline}}{{Film Editing}} 4 : Communication|Interaction|Sociological terminology|Emergence |
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