“Alexander Cameron Rutherford”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Alexander Cameron Rutherford, {{Post-nominals|country=CAN|KC}} (February 2, 1857 – June 11, 1941) was a Canadian lawyer and politician who served as the first premier of Alberta from 1905 to 1910. Born in Ormond, Ontario, he studied and practised law in Ottawa before moving with his family to the North-West Territories in 1895. Here he began his political career, winning in his third attempt a seat in the North-West Legislative Assembly. In keeping with the territorial custom Rutherford ran as an independent, though he generally supported the territorial administration of Premier Frederick W. A. G. Haultain. At the federal level, however, Rutherford was a Liberal.

In 1905, Alberta Lieutenant Governor George Bulyea asked Rutherford to form the new province's first government. As premier, his first task was to win a workable majority in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta, which he did in the 1905 provincial election. His second was to provide the apparatus of provincial government: his government established everything from speed limits to a provincial court system. The legislature also controversially, and with Rutherford's support, selected Edmonton over rival Calgary as the provincial capital. Calgarians' bruised feelings were not salved when the government located the University of Alberta, a project dear to the Premier's heart, in his hometown of Strathcona, just across the North Saskatchewan River from Edmonton.

The government was faced with labour unrest in the coal mining industry, which it resolved by establishing a commission to examine the problem. It also set up a provincial government telephone network—Alberta Government Telephones—at great expense, and tried to encourage the development of new railways. It was in pursuit of this last objective that the Rutherford government found itself embroiled in scandal. Early in 1910, William Henry Cushing's resignation as Minister of Public Works precipitated the Alberta and Great Waterways Railway scandal, which turned many of Rutherford's Liberals against his government. Eventually, pressure from many party figures forced Rutherford to resign. He kept his seat in the legislature after resigning as premier, but was defeated in the 1913 election by Conservative Herbert Crawford.

After leaving politics, Rutherford continued his law practice and his involvement with a wide range of community groups. Most importantly, he became chancellor of the University of Alberta, whose earlier founding had been a personal project. He died of a heart attack June 11, 1941. A University of Alberta library, an Edmonton elementary school, and Jasper National Park's Mount Rutherford are named in his honour. Additionally, his home, Rutherford House, was opened as a museum in 1973.

Early life

Alexander Rutherford was born February 2, 1857, near Ormond, Ontario on his family's dairy farm.^[1] His parents, James (1817–1891) and Elspet^[2] "Elizabeth" (1818–1901) Cameron Rutherford,^[2] had immigrated from Scotland two years previous.^[1] They joined the Baptist Church, and his father joined the Liberal Party of Canada and served for a time on the Osgoode village council.^[1] Rutherford attended public school locally and, after rejecting dairy farming as a vocation, enrolled in a Metcalfe high school.^[1] After graduating in 1874, he attended the Canadian Literary Institute, a Baptist college in Woodstock.^[1] He graduated from there in 1876, and taught for a year in Osgoode.

Next he moved to Montreal to study arts and law at McGill University.^[3] He was awarded degrees in both in 1881, and joined the Ottawa law firm of Scott, McTavish and McCracken where he was articled for four years under the tutelage of Richard William Scott.^[4] Called to the Ontario bar in 1885, he became a junior partner in the firm of Hodgins, Kidd and Rutherford with responsibility for its Kemptville office for ten years.^[5] He also established a moneylending business there.^[6]

During this time, his social circle grew to include William Cameron Edwards.^[5] Through Edwards, Rutherford was introduced to the Birkett family, which included former Member of Parliament Thomas Birkett.^[5] Rutherford married Birkett's niece, Mattie Birkett, in December 1888.^[5] The couple had three children: Cecil (born in 1890), Hazel (born in 1893),^[5] and Marjorie (born in 1903, but died sixteen months later).^[7] Rutherford had a traditional view of gender roles, and was happy to leave most child-rearing responsibilities to his wife.^[8]

Move west

In November 1886 Rutherford visited the Canadian West for the first time when he travelled to British Columbia to investigate the disappearance of his cousin.^[9] The Rocky Mountains left a great impression on him, as did the coastal climate which he found "very agreeable".^[9] He visited again in the summer of 1894, when he took the Canadian Pacific Railway across the prairies.^[5] Upon arriving in South Edmonton, he was excited by its growth potential and pleased to find that the dry air relieved his bronchitis.^[5] He resolved to settle there, and did so one year later, bringing his reluctant wife and his children,^[9] who arrived by train June 10, 1895.^[6] Within ten days of their arrival, Rutherford had opened a law office, purchased four lots of land, and contracted local builder Hugh McCurdy to build him a house.^[10] In July the family moved into their new four-room house, built on a single storey.^[10] In 1896 Rutherford became the town's only lawyer, as his competition, Mervyn Mackenzie, had moved to Toronto.^[6]

Rutherford quickly became deeply involved in the community. Among the roles he acquired during his first three years in the District of Alberta were President of the newly formed South Edmonton Football Club, secretary-treasurer of the South Edmonton School Board, president of the South Edmonton Athletic Association, vice president of the South Edmonton Literary Institute, auditor of the South Edmonton Agricultural Society, and worthy master of the Acacia Lodge, Ancient Free and Accepted Masons.^[11] He later added to this the title of secretary of the Edmonton District Butter and Cheese Manufacturing Association.^[11] He was an early advocate for the incorporation of South Edmonton, hitherto an unincorporated community. When incorporation came in 1899—as the Town of Strathcona—Rutherford became the new town's secretary-treasurer (after acting as returning officer in its first election).^[11]

Throughout this period, he practised law, from 1899 with Frederick C. Jamieson as his partner, who later was elected as a Conservative member of the MLA.^[12] He employed single women as secretaries in an era when clerical workers were predominantly male, and defended a First Nations person accused of murder, at a time when most lawyers refused such cases.^[12] As their practice grew, he and Jamieson also engaged in moneylending.^[13] Besides his law practice, Rutherford was a successful real estate investor, and also owned an interest in gold mining equipment situated on the North Saskatchewan River.^[14]

Early political career

In 1896, Frank Oliver, who had represented Edmonton in the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories since 1888, resigned to pursue a career in federal politics.^[11] Several Strathcona residents urged Rutherford to run for Oliver's old seat in the ensuing by-election.^[11] Though he was originally reluctant, he agreed to stand after a 300-signature petition urging his candidacy was presented to him.^[11] His only opponent was former Edmonton mayor Matthew McCauley who, like Rutherford, ran as an independent.^[11] Rutherford campaigned on a platform of improved roads, resource development, simplification of territorial ordinances, and—in what would become a theme of his political career—increased educational funding.^[11] McCauley won the election, but Rutherford received more than forty percent of the vote.^[11]

During the 1898 territorial election, Rutherford again challenged the now-incumbent McCauley.^[11] His defeat of two years previous still fresh in his mind, his platform this time included a call for a redrawing of the territory's electoral boundaries; he believed that the current Edmonton riding was gerrymandered in McCauley's favour.^[15] He also repeated his past calls for improved roads and advocated increased taxation on the railroads.^[15] He pledged "independent support" for the non-partisan administration of Premier Frederick Haultain,^[11] and supported that administration's call for the creation of a single province from the territories following the 1901 census.^[15] Rutherford criticized McCauley's past record, accusing him of silence on issues that were of concern to his constituents.^[15] Despite this, McCauley won again, albeit by a reduced margin.^[15]

Rutherford was at last successful in the 1902 election, when he ran in the newly created riding of Strathcona.^[16] His 1902 platform was similar to his 1898 platform and supported Haultain, though this time he supported a two-province integration of the Northwest Territories into Confederation, rather than Haultain's preferred one-province approach, on the grounds that a single province would be so large as to be ungovernable.^[16] It at first looked as though he would run unopposed; however, at the last minute local lawyer Nelson D. Mills publicly accused Rutherford of being not a true independent, but a dyed-in-the-wool Haultain supporter, and announced that he would run against him.^[16] Rutherford was supported by most of Strathcona's most prominent residents, including his law partner Jamieson and his future rival John R. Boyle, and won an easy victory.^[16]

Rutherford served in the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories until Alberta became a province in 1905. During his tenure, he was elected deputy speaker and sat on standing committees for libraries, municipal law, and education.^[16] His legislative efforts included successful attempts to extend the boundaries of the Town of Strathcona and to empower it to borrow for construction of public works.^[16] He was considered a possible member of Haultain's executive council, likely in the post of Commissioner of Public Works, but the post instead went to George Bulyea.^[17] He joined many of his fellow MLAs in continuing to advocate for provincial status, finding that the limitations on a territory's means to raise revenue prevented the Northwest Territories from meeting its obligations.^[18]

Though Rutherford supported Haultain's vision of non-partisan territorial administration, federally he was an avowed Liberal. In 1900, he was elected president of the Strathcona Liberal association, and was a delegate to the convention that nominated Oliver as the party's candidate in Alberta for the 1900 federal election.^[14] He subsequently campaigned for Oliver in his successful re-election attempt.^[14] When the new federal constituency of Strathcona was formed in advance of the 1904 election,^[19] Rutherford was urged to accept the Liberal nomination, but demurred.^[20] Peter Talbot was selected instead and, supported by Rutherford, was elected.^[20]

Selection as Premier

In February 1905, the federal government of Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier introduced legislation to create two new provinces—Alberta and Saskatchewan—from the Northwest Territories.^[21] Though Haultain wanted the new provinces to be governed on the same non-partisan basis as the Territories had been, it was expected that the Liberal Laurier would recommend a Liberal to serve as Lieutenant-Governor, and it was further assumed that the Lieutenant-Governor would call on a Liberal to form the new province's first government.^[22] Oliver was the province's most prominent Liberal, but had just been named federal Minister of the Interior, and was not interested in leaving Ottawa.^[23] Talbot was Laurier's preferred candidate, but he expected to be appointed to the Senate and found the prospect more congenial than serving as Premier of Alberta.^[23] Both men supported Rutherford, though neither was enthusiastic about doing so.^[24] In August, Bulyea was appointed Alberta's first Lieutenant-Governor and later that month the Alberta Liberals selected Rutherford as their first leader.^[25] A final barrier was removed a few days later when Haultain, who was a Conservative federally but who was thought to be a potential leader of a coalition government, announced that he would stay in Regina to lead the Saskatchewan Conservatives.^[26] On September 2, Bulyea asked Rutherford to form the first government of Alberta.^[27]

After accepting the position of premier, Rutherford selected a geographically diverse cabinet on September 6: Edmonton's Charles Wilson Cross as Attorney-General, Calgary's William Henry Cushing as Minister of Public Works, Medicine Hat's William Finlay as Minister of Agriculture and Provincial Secretary, and Lethbridge's George DeVeber as Minister without Portfolio.^[28] Rutherford kept for himself the positions of Provincial Treasurer and Minister of Education.^[29]

Premier

1905 election

Rutherford was Premier, but had not yet faced the people in an election and did not yet have a legislature to which he could propose legislation.^[30] Elections for the first Legislative Assembly of Alberta were accordingly fixed for November 9.^[30] The Conservatives, the young province's only other political party, had already selected R. B. Bennett as their leader.^[26] Bennett attacked the terms under which Alberta had been made a province, especially the clauses that left control of its lands and natural resources in the hands of the federal government and required the continued provincial funding of separate schools.^[31] He pointed out that Canada's older provinces had control of their own natural resources and that education was a provincial responsibility under the British North America Act.^[30]^[31] The Liberals responded to these criticisms by highlighting the financial compensation the province received from the federal government in exchange for control of its natural resources, which amounted to $375,000 per year.^[30] They further suggested that Conservative concern for control of lands was due to their desire to make favourable land concessions to the unpopular Canadian Pacific Railway, which had historically been friendly with the Conservatives, and for whom Bennett had acted as solicitor.^[32]

Besides the Conservatives' ties to the CPR, Rutherford's Liberals enjoyed the incumbent's advantage of controlling the levers of patronage, and the election's result was never really in doubt.^[33] Before the election, Talbot predicted that the government would win 18 of the province's 25 seats.^[34] Immediately after the election it appeared that the Liberals had won 21; when all the votes had been counted they had won 23 seats to the Conservatives' two.^[34] Bennett himself was defeated in his Calgary riding.^[34] When the outcome was clear, the people of Strathcona feted Rutherford with a torchlight procession and bonfire.^[35]

First legislature and regional tensions

One of the most contentious issues facing the newly elected government was the decision of the province's capital city. The federal legislation creating the province had fixed Edmonton as the provisional capital, much to the chagrin of Calgary.^[36] Neither party had taken a position on the divisive question during the campaign,^[31] but selecting a permanent capital was high on the list of the new legislature's orders of business.^[85] Calgary's case was made most enthusiastically by Minister of Public Works Cushing, Edmonton's by Attorney-General Cross.^[85] Banff and Red Deer were also possibilities, but motions to select each failed to find seconders.^[85] In the end, Edmonton was designated by a vote of sixteen members—including Rutherford—to eight.^[37]

A personal priority of Rutherford had been the establishment of a university.^[89] Though the Edmonton Bulletin opined that it would be unfair "that the people of the Province should be taxed for the special benefit of four per cent that they may be able to attach the cognomen of B.A. or M.A. to their names and flaunt the vanity of such over the taxpayer, who has to pay for it", Rutherford proceeded quickly.^[89] He was concerned that delay might result in the creation of denominational colleges, striking a blow to his dream of a high quality non-sectarian system of post-secondary education.^[38] A bill establishing the University was passed by the legislature, but left the government to decide the location.^[92] Calgary felt that, having lost the fight to be provincial capital, it could expect the university to be established there,^[39] and was not pleased a year later when the government announced the founding of the University of Alberta in Rutherford's hometown of Strathcona.^[40]

While these regionally charged issues attracted much attention, they were far from the government's only initiatives during the legislature's first session. In 1906 it passed a series of acts dealing with the organization and administration of the new provincial government and incorporated the cities of Lethbridge, Medicine Hat, and Wetaskiwin.^[41] It also established a speed limit of {{convert|20|mph|km/h}} for motorized vehicles and set up a regime for mine inspection.^[42] Perhaps most significantly, it set up a court system,^[43] with Arthur Lewis Sifton as the province's first Chief Justice.^[44]

Though the founding of the University of Alberta was the centrepiece of Rutherford's educational policy, his activity as Minister of Education extended well beyond it. In the first year of Alberta's existence, 140 new schools were established, and a normal school was set up in Calgary to train teachers.^[41] Rutherford put great emphasis on the creation of English-language schools in the large portions of the province occupied primarily by central- and eastern-European immigrants.^[41] The immigrants themselves were often unable to speak English, and the provision of these schools for their children was a major factor in their rapid assimilation into Albertan society.^[45] They were also in lieu of separate religious schools for groups such as Mennonites; while the continued existence of Roman Catholic separate schools was mandated by the terms of Alberta's admission into Confederation, the government's policy was otherwise to encourage a unified and secular public school system.^[45] Rutherford also introduced free school texts in the province, though he was criticized for commissioning the texts from a Toronto publisher (which printed them in New York) rather than locally.^[46]

Labour unrest

The winter of 1906–07 was the coldest in Alberta history; this was exacerbated by a shortage of coal.^[47] One cause of this shortage was the strained relationship between coal miners and mine operators in the province.^[47] At the beginning of April 1907 the Canada West Coal and Coke Company locked out the miners from its mine near Taber.^[48] The same company was also facing a work stoppage at its mine in the Crow's Nest Pass, where miners were refusing to sign a new contract.^[48] The problem spread, until by April 22 all 3,400 miners working for member-companies of the Western Coal Operators' Association were off work.^[48] Miners' demands included increased wages,^[48] a reduction in working hours to eight per day (from ten), the posting of mine inspection reports, the isolated storage of explosives, the use of non-freezing explosives, and semi-monthly rather than monthly pay; the mine operators objected to this last point on the basis that many miners did not report to work the day after payday, and it was thus desirable to keep paydays to a minimum.^[44]

Rutherford's government appointed a commission in February, but it was not until May that it met.^[44] It consisted of Chief Justice Arthur Sifton, mining executive Lewis Stockett, and miners' union executive William Haysom.^[44] It began taking evidence in July.^[44] In the meantime, a May agreement saw most miners return to work at increased rates of pay; coal supply promptly increased, as did its price.^[44] In August, the commission released its recommendations, which included a prohibition on children under 16 working in mines, the posting of inspectors' reports, mandatory bath houses at mine sites, and improved ventilation inspection. It also recommended that Albertans keep a supply of coal on hand during the summer for winter use.^[44] The commission was silent on wages (other than to say that these should not be fixed by legislation), the operation of company stores (a sore point among the miners), and the incorporation of miners' unions, which was recommended by mine management but opposed by the unions.^[49]

The committee also made no recommendation about working hours, but Rutherford's government legislated an eight-hour day anyway.^[50] As well, Rutherford's government also passed workers' compensation legislation designed to make such compensation automatic, rather than requiring the injured worker to sue his employer.^[51] Labour representatives criticized the bill for failing to impose fines on negligent employers and for limiting construction workers' eligibility under the program to injuries sustained while working on buildings more than {{convert|40|ft|m}} in height, as well as for its exemption of casual labourers. It also viewed the maximum payout of $1,500 as inadequate.^[52] In response to these concerns, the maximum was increased to $1,800 and the minimum building height reduced to {{convert|30|ft|m}}.^[52] In response to farmers' concerns, farm labourers were made exempt from the bill entirely.^[52]

Rutherford's relationship with organized labour was never easy. Historian L.G. Thomas argued that there was little indication that Rutherford had any interest in courting the labour vote.^[50] In 1908, Labour candidate Donald McNabb was elected in a Lethbridge by-election; the riding had previously been held by a Liberal.^[50] McNabb was the first Labour MLA elected in Alberta (he was defeated in his 1909 re-election bid).^[53]

Public works

Rutherford's Liberals self-identified as the party of free enterprise, in contrast to the public ownership-supporting Conservatives.^[54] Despite this, they made a limited number of large-scale forays into government operation of utilities, the most notable of which was the creation of Alberta Government Telephones.^[40] In 1906, Alberta's municipalities legislation was passed and included a provision authorizing municipalities to operate telephone companies.^[55] Several, including Edmonton, did so, alongside private companies.^[55] The largest of this latter group was the Bell Telephone Company, which held a monopoly over service in Calgary.^[55] Such monopolies and the private firms' refusal to extend their services into sparsely populated and unprofitable rural areas aroused demand for provincial entry into the market, which was effected in 1907.^[56] The government constructed a number of lines, beginning with one between Calgary and Banff, and also purchased Bell's lines for $675,000.^[57]

Alberta's public telephone system was financed by debt, which was unusual for a government like Rutherford's that was generally committed to the principle of "pay as you go".^[58] Rutherford's stated rationale was that the cost of such a large capital project shouldn't be borne by a single generation and that incurring debt to finance a corresponding asset was, in contrast to operating deficits, acceptable.^[57] Though the move was popular at the time, it would prove not to be a financially astute one: by focusing on areas neglected by existing companies, the government was entering into the most expensive and least profitable fields of telecommunication.^[55] These problems would not come to fruition until Rutherford had left office, however; in the short-term, the government's involvement in the telephone business helped it to a sweeping victory in the 1909 election,^[59] in which the Liberals won 37 of 41 seats in the newly expanded legislature.^[60]

Of equal profile was Rutherford's government's management of the province's railways. Alberta's early years were optimistic ones, which manifested itself in a pronounced enthusiasm for the construction of new railway lines.^[61] Every town wanted to be a railway centre, and the government had great confidence in the ability of the free market to provide low freight rates to the province's farmers provided sufficient charters were issued to competing companies.^[62] The legislature passed government-sponsored legislation setting out a framework for new railways in 1907, but interest from private firms in actually building the lines was limited.^[63] In the face of public demand and support by legislators of all parties for as rapid as possible an expansion of the province's lines, the government offered loan guarantees to several companies in exchange for commitments to build lines.^[64] Rutherford justified this in part by his conviction that railways needed to expand along with population, rather than having railway expansion follow population growth as would be the case without government intervention.^[64] The Conservatives argued that this strategy didn't go far enough, and called for direct government ownership.^[61]

While most public works issues were handled by Public Works Minister Cushing, following the 1909 election Rutherford named himself as the province's first Minister of Railways.^[65]

Railway scandal

When the legislature met for the first time after the 1909 election, things seemed to be going well for Rutherford and his government.^[60] He controlled a huge majority, albeit slightly reduced from the 1905 election, and enjoyed widespread popularity.^[60] His government had achieved significant success in setting up a new province, and this success looked poised to continue.^[59] Early in this new legislative session, however, two signs of trouble appeared: Liberal backbencher John R. Boyle began to ask questions about the agreement between the government and the Alberta and Great Waterways Railway Company, and Cushing resigned from cabinet over his views of this same agreement.^[66]

The Alberta and Great Waterways Railway was one of several companies that had been granted charters and assistance by the legislature to build new railways in the province.^[64] The government support that it received was more generous than that received by more established railways, such as the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway and the Canadian Northern Railway.^[64] Boyle, Cushing, and Bennett alleged favouritism or ineptitude by Rutherford and his government, and pointed to the sale of government-guaranteed bonds in support of the company as further evidence.^[67] Because of the high interest rate they paid, the bonds were sold at above par value, but the government only received par for them, leaving the company to pocket the difference.^[68]

Boyle sponsored a motion of non-confidence against the government.^[69] Despite enjoying the support of twelve Liberals, including Cushing, the motion was defeated and the government upheld.^[70] Rutherford attempted to quell the controversy by calling a royal commission,^[71] but pressure from many Liberals, including Bulyea, led him to resign May 26, 1910; he was replaced by Arthur Sifton, hitherto the province's chief judge.^[72] In November, the royal commission issued its report.^[73] It found that the evidence did not show a conflict of interest on Rutherford's part, but the majority report was nevertheless highly critical of the former Premier.^[74] A minority report was much kinder, avowing perfect satisfaction with Rutherford's version of events.^[75]

Later life

Later political career

Before the 1911 federal election, several local Liberals opposed to Frank Oliver asked Rutherford to run against him in Strathcona.^[159] Relations between Oliver and Rutherford had always been chilly—Oliver was implacably opposed to Cross, who he viewed as a rival for dominance of the Liberal party in Alberta,^[76] and his Edmonton Bulletin had taken the side of the dissidents during the railway scandal.^[159] A nominating meeting unanimously nominated Rutherford as Liberal candidate, though Oliver refused to accept its legitimacy and awaited a later meeting.^[159] Before this meeting came to pass, however, Rutherford abruptly withdrew.^[77] Historian Douglas Babcock suggested that this was due to the Conservatives' nomination of William Antrobus Griesbach, dashing Rutherford's hopes that his popularity among Conservatives would preclude their opposing him.^[164] Rumours at the time alleged that Rutherford had been asked to make a personal contribution of $15,000 to his campaign fund, and had balked.^[77] Rutherford himself cited a desire to avoid splitting the vote on reciprocity, which he and Oliver both favoured but Griesbach opposed.^[164] Whatever the reason, for Rutherford's standing aloof from the election, Oliver was nominated as Liberal candidate and was re-elected.^[164]

After resigning as Premier, Rutherford continued to sit as a Liberal MLA.^[78] He commanded the loyalty of many Liberals who had supported his government through the Alberta and Great Waterways issue,^[79] though this faction began increasingly to see Cross as its real leader.^[80] Rutherford opposed the Sifton government's decision to confiscate the Alberta and Great Waterways bond money and revoke its charter,^[79] and in 1913 was one of only two Liberals to support a non-confidence motion against the government^[81] (Cross had by this time joined the Sifton cabinet, which placated most members of the Cross-Rutherford faction).^[78] In the 1913 election, Rutherford was again nominated as the Liberal candidate in Edmonton South (Strathcona had been amalgamated into Edmonton in 1912),^[82] despite pledging opposition to the Sifton government and offering to campaign around the province for the Conservatives if they agreed not to run a candidate against him.^[83] At the nomination meeting, he stated that he was "not running as a Sifton candidate" and was "a good independent candidate ... and a good Liberal too".^[84] Despite his opposition to the government, the Conservatives declined his offer of support and nominated Herbert Crawford to run against him.^[83] After a vigorous campaign, Crawford defeated Rutherford by fewer than 250 votes.^[84] Cross lobbied Prime Minister Laurier for Rutherford to be appointed to the Senate. This was unsuccessful, but Rutherford was made King's Counsel shortly after his electoral defeat.^[85]

Rutherford took a strong line against the Sifton government and was nominated as Conservative candidate for the 1917 provincial election but stood down after being named as Alberta director of the National Service (conscription). (EB, Nov. 6, 1916)

In that year's provincial election, he campaigned actively for the Conservatives, including for Crawford, the man who had defeated him eight years earlier.^[86] Rutherford continued to call himself a Liberal, but criticized the incumbent administration for the growth of the provincial debt and for letting the party fall into disarray.^[86] Calling the Charles Stewart-led government "rotten" and holding a grudge against cabinet minister John R. Boyle in particular, he offered voters the slogan "get rid of the barnacles and the Boyles", a homonymic reference to the parasitic growth on the side of a ship.^[86] He may have been thrilled to see the Liberal government fall in the election, but probably less so when he saw that the triumphant United Farmers of Alberta had also whittled the Conservatives down to only one seat.^[87]

Professional career

Once out of politics, Rutherford returned to his law practice. His partnership with Jamieson saw partners come and go.^[184] Rutherford divided his time between the original Strathcona office and the Edmonton office he opened in 1910; his practice focussed on contracts, real estate, wills and estates, and incorporations.^[88] In 1923, Rutherford's son Cecil joined the firm along with Stanley Harwood McCuaig, who in 1919 would marry Rutherford's daughter Hazel.^[186] In 1925, Jamieson left the partnership to establish his own firm.^[186] In 1939, McCuaig did the same.^[186] Cecil's partnership with his father continued until the latter's death.^[89]

Besides his work as a lawyer, Alexander Rutherford was involved in a number of business enterprises.^[186] He was President of the Edmonton Mortgage Corporation, and Vice President and solicitor of the Great Western Garment Company.^[186] This latter enterprise, which Rutherford co-founded, was a great success: established in 1911 with eight seamstresses, it had quadrupled in size within a year.^[186] During the Second World War, the Great Western Garment Company made military uniforms and was reputed to be the largest garment operation in the British Empire.^[90] It was acquired by Levi Strauss & Co. in 1961, but continued to manufacture garments in Edmonton until 2004.^[91]

Rutherford also acted as director of the Canada National Fire Insurance Company, the Imperial Canadian Trust Company, the Great West Permanent Loan Company, and the Monarch Life Assurance Company.^[92]

University of Alberta

Education was a personal priority of Rutherford's, as evidenced by his retention of the office of Education Minister for his entire time as Premier and by his enthusiastic work in founding the University of Alberta.^[93] In 1911 he was elected by Alberta's university graduates to the University of Alberta Senate, responsible for the institution's academic affairs.^[78] In 1912 he established the Rutherford Gold Medal in English for the senior year honours English student with the highest standing;^[94] the prize still exists today as the Rutherford Memorial Medal in English.^[95] In 1912, with the University's first graduating class, Rutherford instituted a tradition of inviting convocating students to his house for tea; this tradition would last for twenty-six years.^[96]

Convocation was not the only reason that students visited Rutherford's home: he had a wealth of both knowledge and books on Canadian subjects, and welcomed students to consult his private library.^[97] This library eventually expanded beyond the room in his mansion devoted to it, to encompass the house's den, maid's sitting room, and garage as well.^[97] After his death, the collection was donated and sold to the University's library system; it was described in 1967 as "still the most important rare collection in the library".^[98]

Rutherford remained on the university senate until 1927, when he was elected Chancellor.^[99] The position was the titular head of the university, and its primary duty was presiding over convocations.^[99] According to Rutherford biographer Douglas Babcock, this was the honour that Rutherford prized most.^[99] He was acclaimed to the position every four years until his death.^[99] It has been estimated that he awarded degrees to more than five thousand students.^[99] His final convocation, however, was marred by controversy: in 1941, a committee of the university senate recommended awarding an honorary degree to Premier William Aberhart.^[100] Aberhart was pleased, and happily accepted University President William Alexander Robb Kerr's invitation to deliver the commencement address at convocation.^[101] However, a week prior to convocation the full senate—responsible for all university academic affairs—met, and voted against awarding Aberhart a degree.^[102] Aberhart rescinded his acceptance of Kerr's invitation (and later removed the senate's authority—except, ironically, the authority to award honorary degrees)^[103] and Kerr resigned in protest.^[213] Rutherford was mortified, but presided over convocation nonetheless.^[104]

Community involvement and family life

Rutherford remained active in a wide range of community organizations well after his departure from politics.^[89] He was a deacon in his church until well into his dotage, was a member of the Young Women's Christian Association advisory board from 1913 until his death, was Edmonton's first exalted ruler of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks and spent three years as the grand exalted ruler of the Elk Order of Canada.^[89] During World War I he was Alberta director of the National Service Commission, which oversaw conscription from 1916 until 1918, and in 1916 was appointed Honorary Colonel of the 194th Highland Battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force.^[89] Rutherford served on the Loan Advisory Committee of the Soldier Settlement Board after the war, was President of the Alberta Historical Society (which had been created by his government) from 1919 until his death, was elected President of the McGill University Alumni Association of Alberta in 1922, and spent the last years of his life as honorary president of the Canadian Authors Association.^[89] He was also a member of the Northern Alberta Pioneers and Old-Timers Association, the British Association for the Advancement of Science, the Royal Colonial Institute of London, and the Masons.^[89] He continued to curl and played tennis into his late fifties, and took up golf at the age of sixty-four, becoming a charter member of the Mayfair Golf and Country Club.^[100] He received honorary doctorates of laws from four universities: McGill, the University of Alberta, McMaster University, and the University of Toronto.^[105]

In 1911, the Rutherfords built a new house adjacent to the University of Alberta campus.^[106] Rutherford named it "Archnacarry", after his ancestral homeland.^[107] It is now known as Rutherford House, and serves as a museum.^[108] He made several trips to the United Kingdom, and was invited to attend the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, but had to return to Canada before the event.^[109] On December 19, 1938, the Rutherfords celebrated their fiftieth wedding anniversary; tributes and well-wishes arrived from across Canada.^[100]

Death and legacy

Besides his bronchitis, Rutherford developed diabetes in later years.^[100] His wife monitored his sugar intake, though when they were apart Rutherford sometimes took less care than she would have liked him to.^[100] In 1938, possibly as a result of diabetes, he suffered a stroke that left him paralyzed and mute.^[100] He learned to walk again and with the help of a grade one reader got his speech back.^[100] September 13, 1940, Mattie Rutherford died of cancer.^[100] Less than a year later, June 11, 1941, Rutherford suffered a fatal heart attack while in hospital for insulin treatment.^[100] He was 84 years old.^[100] Alexander Rutherford was buried in Mount Pleasant Cemetery in Edmonton, alongside his family.^[100] His name was attached to many institutions both during his life and after: Rutherford Elementary School in Edmonton was established in 1911^[78] and the University of Alberta's Rutherford Library in 1951.^[110] In 1954, a mountain in Jasper National Park was named Mount Rutherford.^[111] In 1980, the government of Alberta created the Alexander Rutherford Scholarship, which awards more than $20 million annually to high school students selected on the basis of a minimum of a 75% average. The top ten students receiving Alexander Rutherford scholarships are recognized as 'Rutherford Scholars', and are presented with an additional scholarship and plaque.^[112]

Rutherford's policy legacy is mixed. L. G. Thomas concludes that he was a weak leader, unable to dominate the ambitions of his lieutenants and with very little skill at debate.^[108] Despite this, he recognizes the Rutherford government's legacy of province building.^[59] Douglas Babcock suggests that Rutherford, while himself honourable, left himself at the mercy of unscrupulous men who ultimately ruined his political career.^[113] Bennett, Rutherford's rival and later Prime Minister, concurred with this assessment, calling Rutherford "a gentleman of the old school ... not equipped by experience or temperament for the rough and tumble of western politics".^[114] There is general agreement that Rutherford's greatest legacy, and the one in which he took the most pride, lies in his contributions to Alberta's education. As Mount Royal College historian Patricia Roome concluded her chapter on Rutherford in a book about Alberta's first twelve premiers, "Rutherford's educational contribution remains his ultimate legacy to Albertans."^[115]

Electoral record

As party leader

As MLA