请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 International Mathematical Olympiad
释义

  1. History

  2. Scoring and format

  3. Selection process

  4. Awards

  5. Penalties

  6. Summary

  7. Notable achievements

  8. Media coverage

  9. See also

  10. Notes

  11. Citations

  12. References

  13. External links

The International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) is an annual six-problem mathematical olympiad for pre-college students, and is the oldest of the International Science Olympiads.[1] The first IMO was held in Romania in 1959. It has since been held annually, except in 1980. More than 100 countries, representing over 90% of the world's population, send teams of up to six students,[2] plus one team leader, one deputy leader, and observers.[2]

The content ranges from extremely difficult algebra and pre-calculus problems to problems on branches of mathematics not conventionally covered at school and often not at university level either, such as projective and complex geometry, functional equations, combinatorics, and well-grounded number theory, of which extensive knowledge of theorems is required. Calculus, though allowed in solutions, is never required, as there is a principle that anyone with a basic understanding of mathematics should understand the problems, even if the solutions require a great deal more knowledge. Supporters of this principle claim that this allows more universality and creates an incentive to find elegant, deceptively simple-looking problems which nevertheless require a certain level of ingenuity.

The selection process differs by country, but it often consists of a series of tests which admit fewer students at each progressing test. Awards are given to approximately the top-scoring 50% of the individual contestants. Teams are not officially recognized—all scores are given only to individual contestants, but team scoring is unofficially compared more than individual scores.[3] Contestants must be under the age of 20 and must not be registered at any tertiary institution. Subject to these conditions, an individual may participate any number of times in the IMO.[4]

The International Mathematical Olympiad is one of the most prestigious mathematical competitions in the world. In January 2011, Google sponsored €1 million to the International Mathematical Olympiad organization.[5]

History

{{see also|List of International Mathematical Olympiads}}

The first IMO was held in Romania in 1959. Since then it has been held every year except in 1980. That year, it was cancelled due to internal strife in Mongolia.[6] It was initially founded for eastern European member countries of the Warsaw Pact, under the USSR bloc of influence, but later other countries participated as well.[2] Because of this eastern origin, the IMOs were first hosted only in eastern European countries, and gradually spread to other nations.[7]

Sources differ about the cities hosting some of the early IMOs. This may be partly because leaders are generally housed well away from the students, and partly because after the competition the students did not always stay based in one city for the rest of the IMO.{{clarify|date=July 2016}} The exact dates cited may also differ, because of leaders arriving before the students, and at more recent IMOs the IMO Advisory Board arriving before the leaders.[8]

Several students, such as Zhuo Qun Song, Teodor von Burg, Lisa Sauermann, John Lian, Josh Li and Christian Reiher, have performed exceptionally well in the IMO, winning multiple gold medals. Others, such as Grigory Margulis, Jean-Christophe Yoccoz, Laurent Lafforgue, Stanislav Smirnov, Terence Tao, Sucharit Sarkar, Grigori Perelman, Ngô Bảo Châu and Maryam Mirzakhani have gone on to become notable mathematicians. Several former participants have won awards such as the Fields Medal.[9]

Scoring and format

The examination consists of six problems. Each problem is worth seven points, so the maximum total score is 42 points. No calculators are allowed. The examination is held over two consecutive days; each day the contestants have four-and-a-half hours to solve three problems. The problems chosen are from various areas of secondary school mathematics, broadly classifiable as geometry, number theory, algebra, and combinatorics. They require no knowledge of higher mathematics such as calculus and analysis, and solutions are often short and elementary. However, they are usually disguised so as to make the solutions difficult. Prominently featured are algebraic inequalities, complex numbers, and construction-oriented geometrical problems, though in recent years the latter has not been as popular as before.[10]

Each participating country, other than the host country, may submit suggested problems to a Problem Selection Committee provided by the host country, which reduces the submitted problems to a shortlist. The team leaders arrive at the IMO a few days in advance of the contestants and form the IMO Jury which is responsible for all the formal decisions relating to the contest, starting with selecting the six problems from the shortlist. The Jury aims to order the problems so that the order in increasing difficulty is Q1, Q4, Q2, Q5, Q3 and Q6. As the leaders know the problems in advance of the contestants, they are kept strictly separated and observed.[11]

Each country's marks are agreed between that country's leader and deputy leader and coordinators provided by the host country (the leader of the team whose country submitted the problem in the case of the marks of the host country), subject to the decisions of the chief coordinator and ultimately a jury if any disputes cannot be resolved.[12]

Selection process

{{main|International Mathematical Olympiad selection process}}

The selection process for the IMO varies greatly by country. In some countries, especially those in East Asia, the selection process involves several tests of a difficulty comparable to the IMO itself.[13] The Chinese contestants go through a camp.[14] In others, such as the United States, possible participants go through a series of easier standalone competitions that gradually increase in difficulty. In the United States, the tests include the American Mathematics Competitions, the American Invitational Mathematics Examination, and the United States of America Mathematical Olympiad, each of which is a competition in its own right. For high scorers in the final competition for the team selection, there also is a summer camp, like that of China.[15]

In countries of the former Soviet Union and other eastern European countries, a team has in the past been chosen several years beforehand, and they are given special training specifically for the event. However, such methods have been discontinued in some countries.[16] In Ukraine, for instance, selection tests consist of four olympiads comparable to the IMO by difficulty and schedule{{clarify|date=July 2016}}. While identifying the winners, only the results of the current selection olympiads are considered.{{clarify|date=July 2016}}

Awards

The participants are ranked based on their individual scores. Medals are awarded to the highest ranked participants; slightly fewer than half of them receive a medal. The cutoffs (minimum scores required to receive a gold, silver or bronze medal respectively) are then chosen so that the numbers of gold, silver and bronze medals awarded are approximately in the ratios 1:2:3. Participants who do not win a medal but who score seven points on at least one problem receive an honorable mention.[17]

Special prizes may be awarded for solutions of outstanding elegance or involving good generalisations of a problem. This last happened in 1995 (Nikolay Nikolov, Bulgaria) and 2005 (Iurie Boreico), but was more frequent up to the early 1980s.[18] The special prize in 2005 was awarded to Iurie Boreico, a student from Moldova, who came up with a brilliant solution to question 3, which was an inequality involving three variables.

The rule that at most half the contestants win a medal is sometimes broken if it would cause the total number of medals to deviate too much from half the number of contestants. This last happened in 2010 (when the choice was to give either 226 (43.71%) or 266 (51.45%) of the 517 contestants (excluding the 6 from North Korea — see below) a medal),[19] 2012 (when the choice was to give either 226 (41.24%) or 277 (50.55%) of the 548 contestants a medal), and 2013, when the choice was to give either 249 (47.16%) or 278 (52.65%) of the 528 contestants a medal. In these cases, slightly more than half the contestants were awarded a medal.

Penalties

North Korea was disqualified for cheating at the 32nd IMO in 1991 and again at the 51st IMO in 2010.[20] It is the only country to have been accused of cheating.

Summary

{{see also|List of International Mathematical Olympiads}}
VenueYearDateTop-ranked country[21]Refs
1 {{flagicon|Romania|1952 Brașov and Bucharest1959July 23 – July 31 Romania|1952}}[22]
2 {{flagicon|Romania|1952 Sinaia1960July 18 – July 25 Czechoslovakia}}[22]
3 {{flagicon|Hungary Veszprém1961July 6 – July 16 Hungary}}[22]
4 {{flagicon|Czechoslovakia {{sort|Ceske|České Budějovice1962July 7 – July 15 Hungary}}[22]
5 {{flagicon|Poland Warsaw and Wrocław1963July 5 – July 13 Soviet Union}}[22]
6 {{flagicon|Soviet Union Moscow1964June 30 – July 10 Soviet Union}}[22]
7 {{flagicon|East Germany East Berlin1965July 13 – July 13 Soviet Union}}[22]
8 {{flagicon|Bulgaria|1946 Sofia1966July 3 – July 13 Soviet Union}}[22]
9 {{flagicon|Yugoslavia Cetinje1967July 7 – July 13 Soviet Union}}[22]
10 {{flagicon|Soviet Union Moscow1968July 5 – July 18 East Germany}}[22]
11 {{flagicon|Romania|1965 Bucharest1969July 5 – July 20 Hungary}}[22]
12 {{flagicon|Hungary Keszthely1970July 8 – July 22 Hungary}}[22]
13 {{flagicon|Czechoslovakia Žilina1971July 10 – July 21 Hungary}}[22]
14 {{flagicon|Poland Toruń1972July 5 – July 17 Soviet Union}}[22]
15 {{flagicon|Soviet Union Moscow1973July 5 – July 16 Soviet Union}}[22]
16 {{flagicon|East Germany Erfurt and East Berlin1974July 4 – July 17 Soviet Union}}[22]
17 {{flagicon|Bulgaria|1971 Burgas and Sofia1975July 3 – July 16 Hungary}}[22]
18 {{flagicon|Austria Lienz1976July 2 – July 21 Soviet Union}}[22]
19 {{flagicon|Yugoslavia Belgrade1977July 1 – July 13 United States}}[22]
20 {{flagicon|Romania|1965 Bucharest1978July 3 – July 10 Romania|1965}}[22]
21 {{flagicon|United Kingdom London1979June 30 – July 9 Soviet Union}}[22]
{{sort|21.5| }}{{sort|1980|The 1980 IMO was due to be held in Mongolia. It was cancelled, and split into two unofficial events in Europe.[23]
22 {{flagicon|United States Washington, D.C.1981July 8 – July 20 United States}}[22]
23 {{flagicon|Hungary Budapest1982July 5 – July 14 West Germany}}[22]
24 {{flagicon|France Paris1983July 3 – July 12 West Germany}}[22]
25 {{flagicon|Czechoslovakia Prague1984June 29 – July 10 Soviet Union}}[22]
26 {{flagicon|Finland Joutsa1985June 29 – July 11 Romania|1965}}[22]
27 {{flagicon|Poland Warsaw1986July 4 – July 15 Soviet Union}}
{{flag|United States}}		[22]
28 {{flagicon|Cuba Havana1987July 5 – July 16 Romania|1965}}[22]
29 {{flagicon|Australia Sydney and Canberra1988July 9 – July 21 Soviet Union}}[22]
30 {{flagicon|West Germany Braunschweig1989July 13 – July 24 China}}[22]
31 {{flagicon|China Beijing1990July 8 – July 19 China}}[22]
32 {{flagicon|Sweden Sigtuna1991July 12 – July 23 Soviet Union}}[22]
33 {{flagicon|Russia|1991 Moscow1992July 10 – July 21 China}}[22]
34 {{flagicon|Turkey Istanbul1993July 13 – July 24 China}}[22]
35 {{flagicon|Hong Kong|1959 Hong Kong[24]1994July 8 – July 20 United States}}[22]
36 {{flagicon|Canada Toronto1995July 13 – July 25 China}}[25]
37 {{flagicon|India Mumbai1996July 5 – July 17 Romania}}[26]
38 {{flagicon|Argentina Mar del Plata1997July 18 – July 31 China}}[27]
39 {{flagicon|Taiwan Taipei1998July 10 – July 21 Iran}}[28]
40 {{flagicon|Romania Bucharest1999July 10 – July 22 China}}
{{flag|Russia}}		[29]
41 {{flagicon|South Korea Daejeon2000July 13 – July 25 China}}[30]
42 {{flagicon|United States Washington, D.C.2001July 1 – July 14 China}}[31]
43 {{flagicon|United Kingdom Glasgow2002July 19 – July 30 China}}[32]
44 {{flagicon|Japan Tokyo2003July 7 – July 19 Bulgaria}}[33]
45 {{flagicon|Greece Athens2004July 6 – July 18 China}}[34]
46 {{flagicon|Mexico Mérida2005July 8 – July 19 China}}[35]
47 {{flagicon|Slovenia Ljubljana2006July 6 – July 18 China}}[36]
48 {{flagicon|Vietnam Hanoi2007July 19 – July 31 Russia}}[37]
49 {{flagicon|Spain Madrid2008July 10 – July 22 China}}[38]
50 {{flagicon|Germany Bremen2009July 10 – July 22 China}}[39]
51 {{flagicon|Kazakhstan Astana2010July 2 – July 14 China}}[40]
52 {{flagicon|Netherlands Amsterdam2011July 13 – July 24 China}}[41]
53 {{flagicon|Argentina Mar del Plata2012July 4 – July 16 South Korea}}[42]
54 {{flagicon|COL Santa Marta2013July 18 – July 28 China}}[43]
55 {{flagicon|RSA Cape Town2014 July 3 – July 13 China}}[44]
56 {{flagicon|THA Chiang Mai2015 July 4 – July 16 United States}}[45]
57 {{flagicon|HKG Hong Kong2016 July 6 – July 16 United States}}[46]
58 {{flagicon|BRA Rio de Janeiro2017 July 12 – July 23 South Korea}}[47]
59 {{flagicon|ROM Cluj-Napoca2018 July 3 – July 14 United States}}[48]
60 {{flagicon|GBR Bath2019 July 11 – July 22[49]
61 {{flagicon|RUS Saint Petersburg2020[50][51]
62 {{flagicon|United States2021[52]
63 {{flagicon|Norway Oslo2022[53][54]

Notable achievements

{{see also|List of International Mathematical Olympiad participants}}

The following nations have achieved the highest team score in the respective competition:

  • China, 19 times (from the first participation in 1985 until 2014): in every year from 1989 to 2014 except 1991, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2003, 2007, 2012;
  • Soviet Union, 14 times: in 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1979, 1984, 1986, 1988, 1991;
  • United States, 7 times: in 1977, 1981, 1986, 1994, 2015, 2016, 2018;
  • Hungary, 6 times: in 1961, 1962, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1975;
  • Romania, 5 times: in 1959, 1978, 1985, 1987, 1996;
  • West Germany, twice: in 1982 and 1983;
  • Russia, twice: in 1999 and 2007;
  • South Korea, twice: in 2012 and 2017;
  • Bulgaria, once: in 2003;[55]
  • Iran, once: in 1998;
  • East Germany, once: in 1968.

The following nations have achieved an all-members-gold IMO with a full team:

  • China, 11 times: in 1992, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2009, 2010 and 2011.[56]
  • United States, 3 times: in 1994, 2011, and 2016.[57]
  • Russia, 2 times: in 2002 and 2008.[58]
  • South Korea, twice: in 2012 and 2017.[59]
  • Bulgaria, once: in 2003.[60]

The only countries to have their entire team score perfectly in the IMO were the United States in 1994 (they were coached by Paul Zeitz); and Luxembourg, whose 1-member team had a perfect score in 1981. The US's success earned a mention in TIME Magazine.[61] Hungary won IMO 1975 in an unorthodox way when none of the eight team members received a gold medal (five silver, three bronze). Second place team East Germany also did not have a single gold medal winner (four silver, four bronze).

Several individuals have consistently scored highly and/or earned medals on the IMO: As of July 2015 Zhuo Qun Song (Canada) is the most successful participant[62] with five gold medals (including one perfect score in 2015) and one bronze medal.[63] Reid Barton (United States) was the first participant to win a gold medal four times (1998-2001).[64] Barton is also one of only eight four-time Putnam Fellows (2001–04). Christian Reiher (Germany), Lisa Sauermann (Germany), Teodor von Burg (Serbia), and Nipun Pitimanaaree (Thailand) are the only other participants to have won four gold medals (2000–03, 2008–11, 2009–12, 2010–13, and 2011–14 respectively); Reiher also received a bronze medal (1999), Sauermann a silver medal (2007), von Burg a silver medal (2008) and a bronze medal (2007), and Pitimanaaree a silver medal (2009).[65] Wolfgang Burmeister (East Germany), Martin Härterich (West Germany), Iurie Boreico (Moldova), and Lim Jeck (Singapore) are the only other participants besides Reiher, Sauermann, von Burg, and Pitimanaaree to win five medals with at least three of them gold.[66] Ciprian Manolescu (Romania) managed to write a perfect paper (42 points) for gold medal more times than anybody else in the history of the competition, doing it all three times he participated in the IMO (1995, 1996, 1997).[67] Manolescu is also a three-time Putnam Fellow (1997, 1998, 2000).[68] Eugenia Malinnikova (Soviet Union) is the highest-scoring female contestant in IMO history. She has 3 gold medals in IMO 1989 (41 points), IMO 1990 (42) and IMO 1991 (42), missing only 1 point in 1989 to precede Manolescu's achievement.[69]

Terence Tao (Australia) participated in IMO 1986, 1987 and 1988, winning bronze, silver and gold medals respectively. He won a gold medal when he just turned thirteen in IMO 1988, becoming the youngest person at that time[70] to receive a gold medal (a feat matched in 2011 by Zhuo Qun Song of Canada). Tao also holds the distinction of being the youngest medalist with his 1986 bronze medal, alongside 2009 bronze medalist Raúl Chávez Sarmiento (Peru), at the age of 10 and 11 respectively.[71] Representing the United States, Noam Elkies won a gold medal with a perfect paper at the age of 14 in 1981. Note that both Elkies and Tao could have participated in the IMO multiple times following their success, but entered university and therefore became ineligible.

The current ten countries with the best all-time results are as follows:[72]

Rank Country Appearance Gold Silver Bronze Honorable Mentions
1{{flag|China}}321473360
2{{flag|United States}}43119111291
3{{flag|Russia}}269252120
4{{flag|Hungary}}57811609510
5{{flag|Soviet Union}}{{#tag:ref|The Soviet Union participated the IMO for the last time in 1991. From 1992, former Soviet countries – including Russia – entered separately.[21]|group=n}}297767450
6{{flag|Romania}}58751411004
7{{flag|South Korea}}307067277
8{{flag|Vietnam}}4159109701
9{{flag|Bulgaria}}585311110710
10{{flag|Germany}}4049987511

Media coverage

  • A documentary, "Hard Problems: The Road To The World's Toughest Math Contest" was made about the United States 2006 IMO team.[73]
  • A BBC documentary titled Beautiful Young Minds aired July 2007 about the IMO.
  • A BBC fictional film titled X+Y released in September 2014 tells the story of an autistic boy who took part in the Olympiad.

See also

  • List of International Mathematical Olympiads
  • International Mathematics Competition for University Students (IMC)
  • International Science Olympiad
  • List of mathematics competitions
  • Pan-African Mathematics Olympiads
  • Junior Science Talent Search Examination

Notes

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://olympiads.win.tue.nl/imo/|title=International Mathematics Olympiad (IMO)|date=2008-02-01}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.akamai.com/html/about/press/releases/2001/press_070401.html|title=The International Mathematical Olympiad 2001 Presented by the Akamai Foundation Opens Today in Washington, D.C.|accessdate=2008-03-05}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imo-register.org.uk/1992-report.html|title=33rd International Mathematical Olympiad|accessdate=2008-03-05|date=1992-07-21|author=Tony Gardiner|publisher=University of Birmingham}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.maths.otago.ac.nz/home/schools/gifted_children/olympiad.pdf|format=PDF|title=The International Mathematical Olympiad|accessdate=2008-03-05|publisher=AMC}}
5. ^[https://europe.googleblog.com/2011/01/giving-young-mathematicians-chance-to.html Google Europe Blog: Giving young mathematicians the chance to shine]. Googlepolicyeurope.blogspot.com (2011-01-21). Retrieved on 2013-10-29.
6. ^Turner, Nura D. A Historical Sketch of Olympiads: U.S.A. and International The College Mathematics Journal, Vol. 16, No. 5 (Nov., 1985), pp. 330-335
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://sms.math.nus.edu.sg/Simo/Simo.aspx|title=Singapore International Mathematical Olympiad (SIMO) Home Page|accessdate=2008-02-04|publisher=Singapore Mathematical Society}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://blog.medallia.com/2006/07/norwegian_students_in_internat.html|title=Norwegian Students in International Mathematical Olympiad|accessdate=2008-03-05|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061020100605/http://blog.medallia.com/2006/07/norwegian_students_in_internat.html|archivedate=2006-10-20|df=}}
9. ^{{Harv|Lord|2001}}
10. ^{{Harv|Olson|2004}}
11. ^{{Harv|Djukić|2006}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://imo.wolfram.com/facts.html|title=IMO Facts from Wolfram|accessdate=2008-03-05}}
13. ^{{Harv|Liu|1998}}
14. ^Chen, Wang. Personal interview. February 19, 2008.
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.unl.edu/amc/|title=The American Mathematics Competitions|accessdate=2008-03-05|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302084024/http://www.unl.edu/amc/|archivedate=2008-03-02|df=}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.austms.org.au/Gazette/1997/Nov97/hunt.html|title=IMO 1997|accessdate=2008-03-05|author=David C. Hunt|publisher=Australian Mathematical Society}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://imo.wolfram.com/scores/howmedals.html|title=How Medals Are Determined|accessdate=2008-03-05}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://olympiads.win.tue.nl/imo/imo95/imo95reg.html|title=IMO '95 regulations|accessdate=2008-03-05}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://official.imo2011.nl/year_individual_r.aspx?year=2010|title=51st International Mathematical Olympiad Results|accessdate=2011-07-25}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imo-official.org/country_team_r.aspx?code=PRK|title=International Mathematical Olympiad: Democratic People's Republic of Korea|accessdate=2010-07-17}}
21. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.imo-official.org/results.aspx|title=Ranking of countries|publisher=International Mathematical Olympiad|accessdate=2011-06-20}}
22. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 {{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091128021212/http://amc.maa.org/e-exams/e9-imo/imoteamrecord.shtml|title=Historical Record of US Teams|publisher=Mathematical Association of America|accessdate=2011-06-19}}
23. ^Unofficial events were held in Finland and Luxembourg in 1980. {{Cite web|url=http://www.imo-register.org.uk/#1980|title=UK IMO register|publisher=IMO register|accessdate=2011-06-17}}
24. ^At the time of the Olympiad, Hong Kong was not possessed by the People's Republic of China.
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://imo.math.ca/IMO95/|title=IMO 1995|accessdate=2008-03-17|publisher=Canadian Mathematical Society|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080229050644/http://imo.math.ca/IMO95/|archivedate=2008-02-29|df=}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://imo.math.ca/IMO96/|title=IMO 1996|accessdate=2008-03-17|publisher=Canadian Mathematical Society|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223074256/http://imo.math.ca/IMO96/|archivedate=2008-02-23|df=}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://oma.org.ar/imo97/|title=IMO 1997|accessdate=2008-03-17|publisher=Argentina|language=es}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://imo.math.ntnu.edu.tw/|title=IMO 1998|publisher=Republic of China|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19981205203518/http://imo.math.ntnu.edu.tw/|archivedate=1998-12-05|deadurl=yes}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://imo.math.ca/IMO99/|title=IMO 1999|accessdate=2008-03-17|publisher=Canadian Mathematical Society|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223162939/http://imo.math.ca/IMO99/|archivedate=2008-02-23|df=}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://imo.wolfram.com/|title=IMO 2000|accessdate=2008-03-17|publisher=Wolfram}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://imo.math.ca/IMO2001/|title=IMO 2001|accessdate=2008-03-17|publisher=Canadian Mathematical Society|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518105614/http://imo.math.ca/IMO2001/|archivedate=2011-05-18|df=}}
32. ^{{Cite book|last=Andreescu|first=Titu|title=USA & International Mathematical Olympiads 2002|isbn=978-0-88385-815-8|year=2004|publisher=Mathematical Association of America|ref=harv|postscript=}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imo2003.com/|title=IMO 2003|accessdate=2008-03-17|publisher=Japan|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306061006/http://www.imo2003.com/|archivedate=2008-03-06|df=}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imo2004.gr/|title=IMO 2004|publisher=Greece|archivedate=2004-06-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040627033941/http://www.imo2004.gr/|deadurl=yes}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://erdos.fciencias.unam.mx/|title=IMO 2005|publisher=Mexico|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050711000638/http://erdos.fciencias.unam.mx/|archivedate=2005-07-11|deadurl=yes}}
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imo2006.dmfa.si/|title=IMO 2006|accessdate=2008-03-17|publisher=Slovenia|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228152032/http://imo2006.dmfa.si/|archivedate=2009-02-28}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imo2007.edu.vn/|title=IMO 2007|accessdate=2008-03-17|publisher=Vietnam|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212162859/http://imo2007.edu.vn/|archivedate=2009-02-12}}
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imo-2008.es/|title=IMO 2008|accessdate=2008-03-17|publisher=Spain}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imo2009.de/|title=IMO 2009|accessdate=2008-03-17|publisher=Germany|language=de}}
40. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.imo-official.org/year_info.aspx?year=2010|title=51st IMO 2010|publisher=IMO|accessdate=2011-07-22}}
41. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.imo-official.org/year_info.aspx?year=2011|title=52nd IMO 2011|publisher=IMO|accessdate=2011-07-22}}
42. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.imo-official.org/year_info.aspx?year=2012|title=53rd IMO 2012|publisher=IMO|accessdate=2011-07-22}}
43. ^{{cite web |title=54th International Mathematical Olympiad |author= |url=http://www.uan.edu.co/imo2013/en/ |publisher=Universidad Antonio Nariño |accessdate=July 20, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121125749/http://www.uan.edu.co/imo2013/en/ |archivedate=January 21, 2013 |df= }}
44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imo-official.org/year_info.aspx?year=2014|title=55th IMO 2014|publisher=IMO|accessdate=2016-09-10}}
45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imo-official.org/year_info.aspx?year=2015|title=56th IMO 2015|publisher=IMO|accessdate=2016-09-10}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imo-official.org/year_info.aspx?year=2016|title=57th IMO 2016|publisher=IMO|accessdate=2016-09-10}}
47. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imo-official.org/year_info.aspx?year=2017|title=58th IMO 2017|publisher=IMO|accessdate=2016-09-10}}
48. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imo-official.org/year_info.aspx?year=2018|title=59th IMO 2018|publisher=IMO|accessdate=2016-09-10}}
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imo-official.org/year_info.aspx?year=2019|title=60th IMO 2019|publisher=IMO|accessdate=2016-09-10}}
50. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imo-official.org/year_info.aspx?year=2020|title=61st IMO 2020|publisher=IMO|accessdate=2016-09-10}}
51. ^{{cite web|url=http://imo2020.ru/|title=61st IMO 2020|publisher=|accessdate=2018-12-25}}
52. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imo-official.org/year_info.aspx?year=2021|title=62nd IMO 2021|publisher=IMO|accessdate=2016-11-17}}
53. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imo-official.org/year_info.aspx?year=2022|title=63rd IMO 2022|publisher=IMO|accessdate=2017-07-25}}
54. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.imo2022.org/|title=63rd IMO 2020|publisher=Department of Mathematics, University of Os|accessdate=2018-12-25}}
55. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mmjp.or.jp/jmo/imo2003/contents/results_all.txt|title=Results of the 44th International Mathematical Olympiad|accessdate=2008-03-05}}
56. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imo-official.org/country_team_r.aspx?code=CHN|title= Team Results: China at International Mathematical Olympiad}}
57. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imo-official.org/country_team_r.aspx?code=USA|title= Team Results: US at International Mathematical Olympiad}}
58. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imo-official.org/country_team_r.aspx?code=RUS|title= Team Results: Russia at International Mathematical Olympiad}}
59. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imo-official.org/country_team_r.aspx?code=KOR|title= Team Results: South Korea at International Mathematical Olympiad}}
60. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imo-official.org/country_team_r.aspx?code=BGR|title= Team Results: Bulgaria at International Mathematical Olympiad}}
61. ^{{cite news|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,981185,00.html|title=No. 1 and Counting|accessdate=2010-02-23 | work=Time | date=1994-08-01}}
62. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.imo-official.org/hall.aspx |title=International Mathematical Olympiad Hall of Fame 2015 |publisher=Imo-official.org |date= |accessdate=2015-07-15}}
63. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.imo-official.org/participant_r.aspx?id=19624 |title=IMO Official Record for Zhuo Qun (Alex) Song |publisher=Imo-official.org |date= |accessdate=2015-07-15}}
64. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/293/5530/597|title=IMO's Golden Boy Makes Perfection Look Easy|accessdate=2008-03-05 | doi=10.1126/science.293.5530.597|volume=293|journal=Science|page=597}}
65. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imo-official.org/hall.aspx|title=International Mathematical Olympiad Hall of Fame|accessdate=2009-07-18}}
66. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://www.imo-register.org.uk/2017-report.pdf|title=Geoff Smith (August 2017). "UK IMO team leader's report". University of Bath. |accessdate=2018-07-02}}
67. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.unl.edu/amc/e-exams/e9-imo/imoteamrecord.shtml|title=IMO team record |accessdate=2008-03-05}}
68. ^{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000229230334/http://www.maa.org/awards/putnam.html|title=The Mathematical Association of America's William Lowell Putnam Competition|accessdate=2008-03-05}}
69. ^{{Harv|Vakil|1997}}
70. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/03/13/news/math.php|title=A packed house for a math lecture? Must be Terence Tao|accessdate=2008-03-05}}
71. ^{{Cite news |url=http://www.livinginperu.com/news/9641 |title=Peru won four silver and two bronze medals in International Math Olympiad |date=July 22, 2009 |work=Living in Peru }}
72. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imo-official.org/results_country.aspx?column=awards&order=asc|title=Results: Cumulative Results by Country|publisher=imo-official.org|accessdate=2016-07-20}}
73. ^Hard Problems: The Road to the World's Toughest Math Contest, Zala Films and the Mathematical Association of America, 2008.

Citations

{{Reflist|30em}}

References

  • {{Cite book

|last=Xu
|first=Jiagu
|title=Lecture Notes on Mathematical Olympiad Courses, For Senior Section
|publisher=World Scientific Publishing
|year=2012
|isbn=978-981-4368-94-0
|ref=harv
|postscript=
  • {{Cite book

|last1=Xiong
|first1=Bin
|last2=Lee
|first2=Peng Yee
|title=Mathematical Olympiad in China (2009-2010)
|publisher=World Scientific Publishing
|year=2013
|isbn=978-981-4390-21-7
|ref=harv
|postscript=
  • {{Cite book

|last=Xu
|first=Jiagu
|title=Lecture Notes on Mathematical Olympiad Courses, For Junior Section
|publisher=World Scientific Publishing
|year=2009
|isbn=978-981-4293-53-2
|ref=harv
|postscript=
  • {{Cite book

|last=Olson
|first=Steve
|authorlink= Steve Olson (writer)
|title=Count Down
|publisher=Houghton Mifflin
|year=2004
|isbn=0-618-25141-3
|ref=harv
|postscript=
  • {{Cite journal

|last=Verhoeff
|first=Tom
|title=The 43rd International Mathematical Olympiad: A Reflective Report on IMO 2002
|publisher=Computing Science Report, Faculty of Mathematics and Computing Science, Eindhoven University of Technology, Vol. 2, No. 11
|date=August 2002
|url=http://www.win.tue.nl/~wstomv/publications/imo2002report.pdf
|ref=harv
|postscript=
  • {{Cite book

|last=Djukić
|first=Dušan
|title=The IMO Compendium: A Collection of Problems Suggested for the International Olympiads, 1959-2004
|publisher=Springer
|year=2006
|isbn=978-0-387-24299-6
|ref=harv
|postscript=
  • {{cite journal

|last=Lord
|first=Mary
|authorlink=Mary Lord (correspondent)
|title=Michael Jordans of math - U.S. Student whizzes stun the cipher world
|journal=U.S. News & World Report
|publisher=
|volume=131
|issue=3
|page=26
|date=July 23, 2001
|url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=4818783&site=ehost-live
|ref=harv
|doi=}}
  • {{Cite journal

|last=Saul
|first=Mark
|title=Mathematics in a Small Place: Notes on the Mathematics of Romania and Bulgaria
|journal=Notices of the American Mathematical Society
|volume=50
|pages= 561–565
|year=2003
|url= http://www.ams.org/notices/200305/comm-saul.pdf
|ref=harv
|postscript=
  • {{Cite book

|last=Vakil
|first=Ravi
|authorlink=Ravi Vakil
|title=A Mathematical Mosaic: Patterns & Problem Solving
|publisher=Brendan Kelly Publishing
|year=1997
|isbn=978-1-895997-28-6
|page=288
|ref=harv
|postscript=
  • {{Cite book

|last=Liu
|first=Andy
|authorlink=Andy Liu (mathematician)
|title=Chinese Mathematics Competitions and Olympiads
|publisher=AMT Publishing
|year=1998
|isbn=1-876420-00-6
|ref=harv
|postscript=

External links

  • Official IMO web site
  • Old central IMO web site
{{International Science Olympiad}}{{Good article}}{{Authority control}}

4 : Mathematics competitions|International Mathematical Olympiad|Recurring events established in 1959|International Science Olympiad
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/13 10:45:29