“Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart (April 2, 1807 – February 13, 1891) was a prominent Virginia lawyer and American political figure associated with several political parties.^[1] Stuart served in both houses of the Virginia General Assembly (1836-1838, 1857-1861 and 1874-1877), as a U.S. Congressman (1841-1843), and as the Secretary of the Interior (1850 - 1853). Despite opposing Virginia's secession and holding no office after finishing his term in the Virginia Senate during the American Civil War, after the war he was denied a seat in Congress. Stuart led the Committee of Nine which attempted to ameliorate Congressional Reconstruction, and also served as rector of the University of Virginia.

Early years

Stuart was born in Staunton, Virginia, one of three sons of judge Archibald Stuart (judge), a protege of Thomas Jefferson and third-generation American of Scots-Irish origin and his wife Eleanor (nee Briscoe), of distant English ancestry.

After education by private tutors, Stuart attended the College of William and Mary. He studied law under John Tayloe Lomax and graduated from the University of Virginia in Charlottesville before marrying his cousin Frances Cornelia Baldwin in 1833. They had six daughters and three sons, as discussed in the family section below.

Career

Stuart was admitted to the Virginia bar in 1828 and soon became active in the National Republican Party. He supported the unsuccessful campaign of Henry Clay in the 1832 U.S. Presidential Election.

Delegate and Congressman

Augusta County voters first elected Stuart as one of two men representing them in the Virginia House of Delegates in 1836. Re-elected twice as a Whig to what were then single-year terms (and a position which is still part-time), Stuart served on the Committee for Courts of Justice and also advocated internal improvements (the James River Canal as well as railroads). Although recommendations in his critical report concerning deficiencies in such improvements were not adopted, during 1838 Stuart became a junior member of the Committee on Roads and Internal Navigation.

In 1840 Stuart won election as a Whig to the 27th Congress, as the incumbent Jacksonian Democrat Robert Craig declined to run for re-election. He defeated Democrat and future Virginia governor James McDowell in that election. Stuart served on the committee concerning the Navy Department, and beginning in February 1842 on the Committee on Foreign Affairs. He was one of only two Southern representatives to support former President John Quincy Adams when Adams proposed to end the rule forbidding petitions against slavery. After President William Henry Harrison's death, Stuart criticized the new President, fellow Virginian William Tyler for opposing a new national bank, and also supported a tariff to protect American (and Virginia) manufacturers. In 1843, post-census redistricting combined his district with Virginia's 11th congressional district held by John Minor Botts; Democrat William Taylor defeated Stuart and won election to the 28th Congress. However, Stuart continued politically active, serving as a presidential elector for the Whig ticket in both 1844 (when it lost) and 1848 (when it won).^[3]

Stuart also resumed his legal practice full time. Beginning in 1849, he was one of the attorneys defending the new Wheeling Suspension Bridge, following a lawsuit in the United States Supreme Court brought by Edwin M. Stanton and Cornelius Darragh on behalf of the State of Pennsylvania and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania interests that complained about obstruction of the Ohio River.^[4]

From 1850, Stuart served as United States Secretary of the Interior under new President Millard Fillmore for three years. That Department had been founded on the suggestion of one of his fellow counsel in the Wheeling Bridge case, and neither of his predecessors had lasted long. The department which consolidated the General Land Office, the Office of Indian Affairs, and the U.S. Patent Office also worked to resolve the boundary with Mexico. Stuart didn't change the culture of political patronage, but at least gave rules and standards to the political appointments and removed some of the administrative chaos until resigning as President Fillmore's term ended in 1853.^[5]

As the Whig Party disintegrated in 1852, Stuart declined to become its candidate in the U.S. Senate. Instead, he aligned himself with the nativist Know Nothing Party, which some criticized as secretly working against slavery. When Virginia's Democratic governor Henry A. Wise criticized the Know Nothings, Stuart (as "Madison") published twelve long letters on the "American Question" in the Richmond Whig and Public Advertiser and later as a combined pamphlet. Neither endorsing nor opposing slavery, Stuart praised American Party's proposals to deny some immigrants rights accorded native-born Americans.^[6]

Prelude to Secession

Later that year, Augusta County voters again elected Stuart to the Virginia General Assembly, but this time to the Virginia Senate, where he served from 1857 through 1861. He was the senior senator on the committee to investigate John Brown's Raid against the arsenal in Harper's Ferry (then still in Virginia) in October 1859. The committee's report condemned abolitionist agitation, and recommended strengthening local militia units, as well as achieving commercial independence from the North by encouraging Virginia's domestic manufactures.^[7]

By 1860, Stuart owned nine enslaved persons.^[8]^[9] At a speech before the Central Agricultural Society of Virginia, Stuart fully accepted slavery as in the best interest of Southern agricultural prosperity and argued it benefited the Northern economy as well as that emancipation would lead to violence.

In the 1860 U.S. Presidential Election, Stuart supported the Constitutional Union Party and its candidate, John Bell (a former Whig who had represented Tennessee in the U.S. Congress). Bell won a majority of Virginia votes, although he ultimately received fewer votes than either major party candidate. As the United States divided into two hostile camps after President Abraham Lincoln's election, seven lower Southern states began establishing the Confederacy beginning in December 1860. Augusta County voter elected Unionists Stuart, John Brown Baldwin (his brother-in-law) and George Baylor to represent them in the Virginia Secession Convention of 1861. He voted with the anti-secession majority on the initial vote on April 4. Stuart, William B. Preston and George W. Randolph as a special Virginia delegation traveled to Washington, D.C. and met President Lincoln on April 12 after the surrender of Fort Sumter. Finding the President firm in his resolve to hold the Federal forts then in the South, the three men returned to Richmond, Virginia on April 15. Two days later, the secession resolution again came before the convention. Although all three Augusta County delegates again voted against it, it passed and was ratified by voters. On June 14, 1865, Stuart was among those signing the ceremonial secession ordinance. Stuart then proposed amendments to Virginia's Constitution of 1851, which he thought too democratic. Stuart blamed unrestrained democratic practices in free states for Lincoln's election, and also criticized the North's criticized free public schools. However, Virginia voters on March 13, 1862 rejected the committee's proposal, which would have removed popular election of the governor, as well as reorganized the judiciary.^[10]

American Civil War

After Virginia seceded, Stuart declined to hold any Confederate (or Virginia office after his state senate term ended), nor did he support the Wheeling Convention which ultimately led to the creation of West Virginia. However, he did support relief for Virginia's soldiers. Furthermore, two relatives served as Confederate generals: his brother-in-law John Brown Baldwin and his cousin, J. E. B. Stuart. A. H. H. Stuart also specifically declined appointment to a peace commission in March 1864.^[11]

Postwar

About a month after Virginia's surrender at Appomattox Courthouse, on May 8, 1865, Stuart chaired a mass meeting in Staunton, which adopted resolutions asking the U.S. Army's protection, declaring the populace not in rebellion. Stuart also took oaths of allegiance to the United States and to the loyal government of Virginia. Because he had never held Confederate office, Stuart was eligible for election, and was again elected U.S. Representative in 1865. However, despite presenting credentials as a Member-elect to the 39th Congress in 1865, he was denied a seat (as were other newly-elected Southern delegates) because Virginia was not yet re-admitted to the Union, pending its adoption of a new state Constitution outlawing slavery, among other measures.^[12]

As the University of Virginia commencement speaker in June 1866, Stuart lamented the end of Old Virginia. He also opposed Congressional Reconstruction. In 1866 Stuart was a delegate to the National Convention of Conservatives at Philadelphia. In 1867 Stuart criticized the Virginia Constitutional Convention elected with universal suffrage (and which included African American delegates). Shortly after it convened, Stuart became chairman of the Committee of Nine. That lobbied new President Ulysses S. Grant and managed to secure separate votes for the new state Constitution (which passed overwhelmingly) and anti-Confederate measures (which failed). Thus, Virginia was restored to the Union in 1870. Augusta County voters again elected Stuart to represent them in the Virginia General Assembly in 1873, and he served on the Committee on Finance. His re-election was contested, but he won the second vote, serving from 1874 to 1877.^[13]

Stuart also served as rector of the University of Virginia from 1874 to 1882 and 1886-1887, during which he came to accept public education, but also realized the funding problems (the institution received no funding 1882-1884, and all its officers were forced out). He also served as president of the Virginia Historical Society from 1881 until his death (and published a booklet concerning the Committee of Nine at its request), as well as continued his legal practice.^[14]

Death and legacy

Stuart died at his home in Staunton in 1891 (six years following his wife's death). They are buried at Thornrose Cemetery in Staunton's Newtown Historic District.^[15] Before his death, Stuart had been the last surviving member of the Fillmore Cabinet. His papers are held by the Virginia Historical Society and the University of Virginia, which has made some available online.^[16]

His son in law, John M. P. Atkinson (husband of Frances Peyton Stuart) was the tenth president of Hampden–Sydney College from 1857 to 1883.^[17]

His home at Staunton, the Stuart House, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.^[18]

Family

References

1. ^Harris, S. H., & the Dictionary of Virginia Biography. Alexander H. H. Stuart (1807–1891), posted as of June 22, 2017 at https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Stuart_Alexander_H_H_1807-1891
2. ^https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Stuart_Alexander_H_H_1807-1891
3. ^https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Stuart_Alexander_H_H_1807-1891
4. ^Elizabeth Brand Monroe, The Wheeling Bridge Case (Boston:Northeastern University Press 1992) pp.67
5. ^https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Stuart_Alexander_H_H_1807-1891
6. ^https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Stuart_Alexander_H_H_1807-1891
7. ^https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Stuart_Alexander_H_H_1807-1891
8. ^https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Stuart_Alexander_H_H_1807-1891
9. ^Ancestry.com's library edition contains no federal 1840 nor 1850 slaveholding schedules corresponding to Stuart, but does include his name on two separate pages of the1860 federal slave census for Augustra county, which differs from other counties' methodology. The 1860 Virginia slave census is not available online.
10. ^https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Stuart_Alexander_H_H_1807-1891
11. ^https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Stuart_Alexander_H_H_1807-1891
12. ^https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Stuart_Alexander_H_H_1807-1891
13. ^https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Stuart_Alexander_H_H_1807-1891
14. ^https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Stuart_Alexander_H_H_1807-1891
15. ^http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=Stuart&GScid=231589&GRid=7685394& Alexander H.H. Stuart
16. ^http://valley.vcdh.virginia.edu/personalpapers/collections/augusta/stuart.html
17. ^{{cite book |last=Tyler |first=Lyon Gardiner |date=1915 |title=Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofvi03tyleuoft |location=New York |publisher=Lewis Historical Publishing Company |pages=214–215 |isbn= |accessdate=October 21, 2014}}
18. ^{{NRISref|version=2010a}}