“Inverted question and exclamation marks”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Inverted question marks (¿) and exclamation marks (Commonwealth English) or exclamation points (American English) (¡) are punctuation marks used to begin interrogative and exclamatory sentences (or clauses), respectively, in written Spanish and sometimes also in languages which have cultural ties with the Spanish, such as in the Galician and the Waray languages.^[1] They can also be combined in several ways to express the combination of a question and surprise or disbelief. The initial marks are normally mirrored at the end of the sentence or clause by the common marks (?, !) used in most other languages. Unlike the ending marks, which are printed along the baseline of a sentence, the inverted marks (¿ and ¡) descend below the line.

Inverted marks were originally recommended by the Real Academia Española (Royal Spanish Academy) in 1754, and adopted gradually over the next century.{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}

On computers, inverted marks are supported by various standards, including ISO-8859-1, Unicode, and HTML. They can be entered directly on keyboards designed for Spanish-speaking countries, or via alternative methods on other keyboards.

Usage

The inverted question mark (¿) is a punctuation mark written before the first letter of an interrogative sentence or clause to indicate that a question follows. It is a rotated form of the standard symbol "?" recognized by speakers of languages written with the Latin alphabet. In most languages, a single question mark is used, and only at the end of an interrogative sentence: "How old are you?" This was once true of the Spanish language.

The inverted question mark was adopted long{{specify|date=October 2017}} after the Real Academia's decision, published in the second edition of the {{lang|es|Ortografía de la lengua castellana}} (Orthography of the Castilian language) in 1754^[2] recommending it as the symbol indicating the beginning of a question in written Spanish—e.g. {{lang|es|"¿Cuántos años tienes?"|italic=yes}} ("How old are you?"). The Real Academia also ordered the same inverted-symbol system for statements of exclamation, using the symbols "¡" and "!". This helps to recognize questions and exclamations in long sentences. "Do you like summer?" and "You like summer." are translated respectively as {{lang|es|"¿Te gusta el verano?"|italic=yes}} and {{lang|es|"Te gusta el verano."|italic=yes}} (There is not always a difference between the wording of a yes–no question and the corresponding statement in Spanish.) These new rules were slowly adopted; there exist 19th-century books in which the writer uses neither "¡" nor "¿".

In sentences that are both declarative and interrogative, the clause that asks a question is isolated with the starting-symbol inverted question mark, for example: {{lang|es|"Si no puedes ir con ellos, ¿quieres ir con nosotros?"|italic=yes}} ("If you cannot go with them, would you like to go with us?")

Some writers omit the inverted question mark in the case of a short unambiguous question such as: {{lang|es|"Quién viene?"|italic=yes}} ("Who comes?"). This is the criterion in Catalan.^[3] Certain Catalan-language authorities, such as Joan Solà i Cortassa, insist that both the opening and closing question marks be used for clarity.

Some Spanish-language writers, among them Nobel laureate Pablo Neruda (1904–1973), refuse to use the inverted question mark.^[4] It is common in Internet chat rooms and instant messaging now to use only the single "?" as an ending symbol for a question, since it saves typing time. Multiple closing symbols are used for emphasis: {{lang|es|"Por qué dices eso??"|italic=yes}}, instead of the standard {{lang|es|"¿Por qué dices eso?"|italic=yes}} ("Why do you say that?"). Some may also use the ending symbol for both beginning and ending, giving {{lang|es|"?Por qué dices eso?"|italic=yes}} Given the informal setting, this might be unimportant; however, teachers see this as a problem, fearing and claiming that contemporary young people are inappropriately and incorrectly extending the practice to academic homework and essays. (See {{Format link|Internet linguistics#Educational perspective}})

History

In 1668, John Wilkins proposed using the inverted exclamation mark "¡" as a symbol at the end of a sentence to denote irony. He was one of many, including Desiderius Erasmus, who felt there was a need for such a punctuation mark, but Wilkins' proposal, as was true of the other attempts, failed to take hold.^[5]^[6]

Although it has now become rare, it is correct usage in Spanish to begin a sentence with an opening inverted exclamation mark ("¡") and end it with a question mark ("?"), or vice versa, for statements that are questions but also have a clear sense of exclamation or surprise such as: {{lang|es|¡Y tú quién te crees?}} ("Who do you think you are?!"). Normally, four signs are used, always with one type in the outer side and the other in the inner side (nested) ({{lang|es|¿¡Y tú quién te crees!?}}, {{lang|es|¡¿Y tú quién te crees?!}}^[7])

Unicode 5.1 also includes {{unichar|2E18|INVERTED INTERROBANG}}, which is an inverted version of the interrobang (also known as a "gnaborretni" (/ŋˌnɑ.bɔɹˈɛt.ni/)), a nonstandard punctuation mark used to denote both excitement and a question in just one glyph.

Computer usage

Encodings

"¡" and "¿" are both located within the Unicode Common block, and are both inherited from ISO-8859-1. "¡" has Unicode code point U+00A1 (decimal entity reference ¡) and HTML named entity reference ¡. "¿" has Unicode code point U+00BF (decimal entity reference ¿) and has HTML named entity reference ¿. In both cases, the "i" in the named entity reference is an initialism for "inverted".^[8]

Input methods

Microsoft Windows

Users of English (US) keyboards under Microsoft Windows can obtain the inverted question mark "¿" using the Alt code method by holding down the Alt key and pressing 0191 or any multiple of 256 + 168 on the number pad and the inverted exclamation mark "¡" with number pad code 0161 or 173. In Microsoft Word, the inverted question and exclamation marks can be typed by holding down the Ctrl, Alt, and shift keys while typing a normal question or exclamation mark, or by typing either mark at the start of the sentence whilst in the Spanish language mode.

Windows users with a US keyboard layout are able to switch to the US-International layout. Among other changes, this converts the {{keypress|Alt}} key to the right of the space bar into the {{keypress|Alt Gr}} (graphics) key. (The left Alt key remains unchanged.) When the right {{keypress|Alt}} key is held down and other keys are pressed, the combination produces other characters not found on the standard US keyboard. For instance, the keystroke {{keypress|right Alt|1}} produces an inverted exclamation mark, while {{keypress|right Alt|/}} yields the inverted question marks.

GNU/Linux

On a US International keyboard, the "¡" and "¿" symbols can be made the same way as a described for Microsoft Windows, namely by pressing {{keypress|right Alt|1}} and {{keypress|right Alt|/}}, respectively. Many programs also accept Unicode code point entries, which can be entered with any keyboard setting so long as the target software supports the feature: press {{keypress|Ctrl|Shift|u}}, type A1 for "¡" or BF for "¿", and press enter to confirm. A1 and BF are the hexadecimal Unicode code points for the given characters and any character can be looked up in the Unicode table and written this way.

macOS

On the macOS platform (or when using the "US International"/us-intl keyboard layout on Windows and Linux), "¡" and "¿" can be entered by pressing {{keypress|Alt}}/{{keypress|option|1}} and {{keypress|Shift|Alt}}/{{keypress|option|/}} respectively. With a compose key, for example, + , they can be entered by pressing the compose key and {{keypress|!}} or {{keypress|?}} twice.

LaTeX

In LaTeX documents, the "¿" is written as ?` (question mark, backtick) or \\textquestiondown, and "¡" as !` (exclamation point, backtick) or \\textexclamdown. (This may require including "\\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}" at the top of the document.) XeLaTeX and LuaLaTeX have full Unicode support, and literal ¿ and ¡ characters may be input.

Use in filenames

In Windows, an inverted question mark is valid in a file or directory name, whereas the normal question mark is a reserved character which cannot be so used.