Alexander Matheson may refer to:

• Alexander E. Matheson (1869-1931) American legislator and jurist
• Alexander Wallace Matheson (1903–1976), Prince Edward Island politician
• Sir Alexander Matheson, 1st Baronet (1805–1886), Scottish businessman and Liberal politician
• Alexander Matheson (Australian politician) (1861–1929), member of the Senate of Australia
• Alexander Matheson (pharmacist), British businessman and Lord Lieutenant of the Western Isles

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