| 词条 | Alexander of Battenberg |
| 释义 |
| name=Alexander I | title= | image=Alexander I of Bulgaria by Dimitar Karastoyanov.jpg | reign=29 April 1879{{snd}}7 September 1886 | succession=Prince of Bulgaria | predecessor =Constantine II (as emperor of Bulgaria before the Ottoman conquest) | successor=Ferdinand I | spouse=Johanna Loisinger | issue=Count Asen of Hartenau Countess Tsvetana of Hartenau | house=Battenberg | full name = Alexander Joseph von Battenberg {{lang|bg|Александър Йозеф фон Батенберг}} | father=Alexander Ludwig | mother=Countess Julia von Hauke | birth_date ={{Birth date|1857|4|5|df=y}} | birth_place =Verona, Lombardy–Venetia | death_date ={{Death date and age|1893|10|23|1857|4|5|df=y}} | death_place = Graz, Austria-Hungary | place of burial =Battenberg Mausoleum, Sofia | religion = Lutheran |}}{{Infobox royal styles | name = Alexander I of Bulgaria | image = Larger Achievement of Bulgaria 1880-1887.svg | image_size = 60 | dipstyle = His Serene Highness | offstyle = Your Serene Highness | altstyle = Sir }}Alexander Joseph {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCBh}} ({{lang-bg|Александър I Батенберг}}; 5 April 1857{{snd}}23 October 1893), known as Alexander of Battenberg, was the first prince (knyaz) of the Principality of Bulgaria from 1879 until his abdication in 1886.[1] Early lifeAlexander was the second son of Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine by the latter's morganatic marriage with Countess Julia von Hauke. The Countess and her descendants gained the title of Princess of Battenberg (derived from an old residence of the Grand Dukes of Hesse) and the style Durchlaucht ("Serene Highness") in 1858. Prince Alexander was a nephew of Russia's Tsar Alexander II, who had married a sister of Prince Alexander of Hesse; his mother, a daughter of Count Moritz von Hauke, had been lady-in-waiting to the Tsaritsa. Alexander was known to his family, and many later biographers, as "Sandro" or "Drino".[2] Notable relativesAlexander's brother, Prince Louis of Battenberg, married Princess Victoria of Hesse and the Rhine, a granddaughter of Queen Victoria. Their children included Queen Louise of Sweden, Earl Mountbatten of Burma and Princess Alice of Battenberg, the mother of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, husband of Queen Elizabeth II. Alexander's other brother, Prince Henry of Battenberg, married Queen Victoria's youngest daughter Princess Beatrice. Among their children was Queen Victoria Eugenia of Spain. Prince of BulgariaIn his boyhood and early youth Alexander frequently visited Saint Petersburg, and he accompanied his uncle, Tsar Alexander II, who was much attached to him, during the Bulgarian campaign of 1877. When, under the Treaty of Berlin (1878), Bulgaria became an autonomous principality under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire, the Tsar recommended his nephew to the Bulgarians as a candidate for the newly created throne, and the Grand National Assembly unanimously elected Prince Alexander as Prince of Bulgaria (29 April 1879). At that time he held a commission as a lieutenant in the Prussian life-guards at Potsdam. Before proceeding to Bulgaria, Prince Alexander paid visits to the Tsar at Livadia, to the courts of the great powers and to the sultan; a Russian warship then conveyed him to Varna, and after taking the oath to the new constitution at Veliko Tarnovo (8 July 1879) he went to Sofia. The people everywhere en route greeted him with immense enthusiasm. (For the political history of Prince Alexander's reign, see History of Bulgaria.).{{sfn|Bourchier|1911}} One of the servants of Alexander of Battenberg was the Bessarabian boyard from Căzănești village Stefan Uvaliev, who supported Alexander of Battenberg financially. The new ruling prince had not had any previous training in governing, and a range of problems confronted him. He found himself caught between the Russians, who wanted him to be a do-nothing king (a roi fainéant), and the Bulgarian politicians, who actively pursued their own quarrels with a violence that threatened the stability of Bulgaria.{{sfn|Bourchier|1911}} In 1881, a marriage was suggested between Alexander and Princess Viktoria of Prussia, the daughter of the then Crown Princess of Germany and granddaughter of England's Queen Victoria. While the would-be bride's mother and grandmother supported the marriage, her grandfather, Kaiser Wilhelm I, her brother, later Kaiser Wilhelm II (Kaiser Wilhelm I's grandson), and German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck were against the marriage fearing that it would offend the Russians, most notably, Prince Alexander's cousin, Tsar Alexander III, who recently ascended the throne, and who, unlike his father, was far from kindly disposed to the prince. After attempting to govern under these conditions for nearly two years, the prince, with the consent of the Russian tsar, Alexander assumed absolute power, having suspended the Constitution (9 May 1881). A specially convened assembly voted (13 July 1881) for suspension of the ultra-democratic constitution for a period of seven years. The experiment, however, proved unsuccessful; the monarchical coup infuriated Bulgarian Liberal and Radical politicians, and the real power passed to two Russian generals, Sobolev and Kaulbars, specially despatched from Saint Petersburg. The prince, after vainly endeavouring to obtain the recall of the generals, restored the constitution with the concurrence of all the Bulgarian political parties (19 September 1883). A serious breach with Russia followed, and the part which the prince subsequently played in encouraging the national aspirations of the Bulgarians widened that breach.{{sfn|Bourchier|1911}} The revolution of Plovdiv (18 September 1885), which brought about the union of Eastern Rumelia with Bulgaria, took place with Alexander's consent, and he at once assumed the government of the province. In the year which followed, the prince gave evidence of considerable military and diplomatic ability. He rallied the Bulgarian army, now deprived of its Russian officers, to resist the Serbian invasion, The Bulgarians won a decisive victory at Slivnitsa (19 November), which Alexander had little to do with, having arrived in after the battle was already over.{{sfn|Bourchier|1911}} He pursued King Milan of Serbia into Serbian territory as far as Pirot, which he captured (27 November). Although the intervention of Austria protected Serbia from the consequences of defeat, Prince Alexander's success sealed the union with Eastern Rumelia, and after long negotiations the sultan Abdul Hamid II nominated the Prince of Bulgaria as governor-general of that province for five years (5 April 1886).{{sfn|Bourchier|1911}} Loss of throneThis arrangement, however, cost Alexander much of his popularity in Bulgaria, while discontent prevailed among a number of his officers, who considered themselves slighted in the distribution of rewards at the close of the campaign. A military plot formed, and on the night of 20 August 1886 the conspirators seized the prince in the palace at Sofia and compelled him to sign his abdication; they then hurried him to the Danube at Rakhovo, transported him on his yacht to Reni, and handed him over to the Russian authorities, who allowed him to proceed to Lemberg. However, he soon returned to Bulgaria as a result of the success of the counter-revolution led by Stefan Stambolov, which overthrew the provisional government set up by the Russian party at Sofia. His position, however, had become untenable, partly as a result of an ill-considered telegram which he addressed to Tsar Alexander III on his return. The attitude of Bismarck, who, in conjunction with the Russian and Austrian governments, forbade him to punish the leaders of the military conspiracy, also undermined Alexander's position. He therefore issued a manifesto resigning the throne, and left Bulgaria on 8 September 1886.{{sfn|Bourchier|1911}} After his abdication from the Bulgarian throne, Alexander I claimed the title Prince of Tarnovo and used it until his death. Last yearsAlexander then retired into private life. A few years later he married Johanna Loisinger, an actress, and assumed the style of Count von Hartenau (6 February 1889). There were a son and a daughter from this marriage. The last years of his life he spent principally at Graz, where he held a local command in the Austrian army, and where he died on 23 October 1893. His remains, brought to Sofia, received a public funeral there, and were buried in a mausoleum erected to his memory.{{sfn|Bourchier|1911}} Prince Alexander possessed much charm and amiability of manner; he was tall, dignified and strikingly handsome. Competent authorities have generally recognised his capabilities as a soldier. As a ruler he committed some errors, but his youth and inexperience and the extreme difficulty of his position account for much. He had some aptitude for diplomacy, and his intuitive insight and perception of character sometimes enabled him to outwit the crafty politicians who surrounded him. His principal fault remained a want of tenacity and resolution; his tendency to unguarded language undoubtedly increased the number of his enemies. HonoursBattenberg Hill on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Prince Alexander Battenberg of Bulgaria.[3]Ancestry{{ahnentafel|collapsed=yes |align=center |boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc; |boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9; |boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc; |boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe; |1= 1. Prince Alexander of Battenberg |2= 2. Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine |3= 3. Countess Julia Hauke |4= 4. Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine |5= 5. Princess Wilhelmine of Baden |6= 6. Count John Maurice Hauke |7= 7. Sophie Lafontaine |8= 8. Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine |9= 9. Princess Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt |10= 10. Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden |11= 11. Princess Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt |12= 12. Friedrich Karl Emanuel Hauke |13= 13. Maria Salomé Schweppenhäuser |14= 14. Franz Leopold Lafontaine |15= 15. Maria Theresa Kornély |16= 16. Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt |17= 17. Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrücken |18= 18. Prince George William of Hesse-Darmstadt |19= 19. Countess Maria Louise Albertine of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg |20= 20. Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden |21= 21. Princess Caroline Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt |22= 22. Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (= 16) |23= 23. Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrücken (= 17) |24= 24. Ignatz Marianus Hauck |25= 25. Baroness Maria Franziska Riedesel zu Eisenbach |26= 26. Heinrich Wilhelm Schweppenhäuser |27= 27. Charlotte Philippine Juliane Westermann |28= 28. Benno Leopold Ignatius Lafontaine |29= 29. Maria Katharina Franziska Leonhardt |30= 30. Markus Kornély[4] |31= 31. Unknown[4] }} See also
Notes1. ^{{cite book |author=J. D. B. |author-link = James Bourchier |chapter= Bulgaria (Prince Alexander) |title=The Encyclopaedia Britannica; A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information |page= 782 |year=1910 |volume=IV (BISHARIN to CALGARY)|edition= 11th |publisher=At the University Press |place=Cambridge, England |url= https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediabri04chisrich#page/782/mode/2up |accessdate= 12 July 2018 |via= Internet Archive}} 2. ^Ridley, "The Heir Apparent", (New York, 2013) 3. ^Battenberg Hill. SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica 4. ^1 {{Citation|last=Paget|first=Gerald|year=1977|title=The Lineage & Ancestry of HRH Prince Charles, Prince of Wales|publisher=Charles Skilton|location=Edinburgh and London}} References
Further reading
External links{{Commons category|Alexander I of Bulgaria}}
|-{{s-vac|last=Constantine II|as=Tsar of Bulgaria|reason=Ottoman rule}}{{s-ttl|title=Prince of Bulgaria|years=29 April 1879{{snd}}7 September 1886}}{{s-aft|after=Ferdinand I}}{{s-off}}{{s-bef|before=John Casimir Ehrnrooth}}{{s-ttl|title=Prime Minister of Bulgaria|years=13 July 1881{{snd}}5 July 1882}}{{s-aft|after=Leonid Sobolev}}{{s-bef|before=Gavril Krastevich}}{{s-ttl|title=Governor-General of Eastern Rumelia|years=5 April 1886{{snd}}7 September 1886}}{{s-aft|after=Ferdinand I of Bulgaria}}{{s-end}}{{Bulgarian monarchs}}{{Battenberg family}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Alexander Of Bulgaria, Prince}} 14 : 1857 births|1893 deaths|People from Verona|19th-century Bulgarian monarchs|Governors-general|Governors-General of Eastern Rumelia|People of the Serbo-Bulgarian War|Battenberg family|Recipients of the Order of Bravery|Recipients of the Order of Saint Alexander (Bulgaria)|Monarchs who abdicated|Burials at the Battenberg Mausoleum|Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath|Bulgarian Freemasons |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。