| 词条 | Irukandji syndrome |
| 释义 |
| name = Irukandji syndrome | synonyms = | image = Irukandji-jellyfish-queensland-australia.jpg | alt = | caption = A specimen of Malo kingi, a species of Irukandji jellyfish, in a clear plastic vial | symptoms = headache, backache, chest and abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, pathological sweating, severe and sudden onset anxiety, tachycardia[1][2][3] | complications = hypertension, enlarged heart, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrest, possible heart failure[1][2][3] | onset = 30 minutes after exposure | duration = 4 to 30 hours, sometimes up to 2 weeks | types = | causes = Irukandji jellyfish sting | pronounce = | field = | ICD10 = | ICD9 = | ICDO = | OMIM = | DiseasesDB = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = | eMedicineTopic = | MeSH = | GeneReviewsNBK = | GeneReviewsName = | Orphanet = }}Irukandji syndrome is a condition that results from envenomation by certain box jellyfish.[2] In rare instances the sting may result in cardiac arrest and death.[3] The most common jellyfish involved is the Carukia barnesi, a species of Irukandji jellyfish.[2] The syndrome was given its name in 1952 by Hugo Flecker, after the Aboriginal Irukandji people who live in Palm Cove, north of Cairns, Queensland, Australia, where stings are common.[4] Signs and symptomsMost stings occur during the summer wet season in October–May in North Queensland, with different seasonal patterns elsewhere.[5] Because jellyfish are very small, the venom is only injected through the tips of the nematocysts (the cnidocysts) rather than the entire lengths; as a result the sting may barely be noticed at first. It has been described as feeling like little more than a mosquito bite. The symptoms, however, gradually become apparent and then more and more intense in the subsequent 5 to 120 minutes (30 minutes on average). Irukandji syndrome includes an array of systemic symptoms, including severe headache, backache, muscle pains, chest and abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, sweating, anxiety, hypertension, tachycardia and pulmonary edema.[2][5][6][7] Symptoms generally improve in four to 30 hours, but may take up to two weeks to resolve completely.[16] ToxicityWhen properly treated, a single sting is almost never fatal; however, two people in Australia are believed to have died from Irukandji stings,[8] which has greatly increased public awareness of Irukandji syndrome. It is unknown how many other deaths from Irukandji syndrome have been wrongly attributed to other causes.[8] PathophysiologyThe exact mechanism of action of the venom is unknown, but catecholamine excess may be an underlying mechanism in severe cases.[9] Animal studies appear to confirm a relationship between envenoming and an increase in circulating noradrenaline and adrenaline.[10] TreatmentSimilar to other box jellyfish stings, first aid consists of flushing the area with vinegar to neutralize the tentacle stinging apparatus.[11][12] As no antivenom is available, treatment is largely supportive, with analgesia being the mainstay of management. Nitroglycerin, a common drug used for cardiac conditions, is utilised by medical personnel to minimise the risk of pulmonary edema and to reduce hypertension.[13] Antihistamines may be of benefit for pain relief,[14] but most cases require intravenous opioid analgesia. Fentanyl or morphine are usually chosen. Pethidine (meperidine, brand name Demerol in the US) should be avoided, as large doses are often required for pain relief and in this situation significant adverse effects from the pethidine metabolite norpethidine may occur.[15] Magnesium sulfate has been proposed as a treatment for Irukandji syndrome after being apparently successfully used in one case.[16] Early evidence suggested a benefit;[17] however, according to a later report, a series of three patients failed to show any improvement with magnesium; the author reiterated the experimental status of this treatment.[18] Some preliminary laboratory experiments using the venom extracted from Malo maxima (the 'Broome Irukandji') on rat cardiovascular tissue in vitro has suggested that magnesium does in fact block many of the actions of this venom.[19]EpidemiologyReports of Irukandji syndrome have come from Australia, Hawaii, Florida, the French Antilles, Bonaire, the Caribbean, Timor Leste and Papua New Guinea.[2][5] Cubozoan species other than Carukia barnesi are presumed to be responsible for envenomations outside Australia.[2] HistoryIn 1964 Jack Barnes confirmed the cause of the syndrome was a sting from a small box jellyfish: the Irukandji jellyfish, which can fire venom-filled stingers out of its body and into passing victims. To prove that the jellyfish was the cause of the syndrome, he captured one and deliberately stung himself while his son Nick and a local lifeguard then observed the resulting symptoms (before rushing him to the ICU).[20][21][22] Other cubozoans possibly can cause Irukandji syndrome;[23] those positively identified include Carukia barnesi, Alatina cf. mordens, Alatina alata, Malo maximus, Malo kingi, Carybdea xaymacana, Keesingia gigas, an as-yet unnamed "fire jelly", and another unnamed species.[2][24][25] Media portrayalsA 2005 Discovery Channel program, Killer Jellyfish, portrayed the severity of the pain from an Irukandji jellyfish sting when two Australian researchers (Jamie Seymour and Teresa Carrette) were stung.[26] Another program aired on the Discovery Channel, Stings, Fangs and Spines, featured a 20-minute spot on Irukandji syndrome. In the segment, a young Australian woman was stung and developed a severe case. A 2007 fictional Sea Patrol episode (S1, E4) involves two crew members of HMAS Hammersley being stung by an Irukandji jellyfish.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}} On the television program Super Animal, a woman compared her experience with Irukandji syndrome to the pain from childbirth.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} Steve Backshall reports with accounts from victims of Irukandji stings on his ITV wildlife series Fierce in 2016. {{citation needed|date=November 2018}} References1. ^1 Fenner, Peter J., John C. Hadok, 2002. Fatal envenomation by jellyfish causing Irukandji syndrome. The Medical Journal of Australia 177 (7): 362–63 2. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal | title = Jellyfish Responsible for Irukandji Syndrome | journal = Q J Med | volume = 99| issue = 6 | pages = 425–27 | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1093/qjmed/hcl057 | pmid = 16687419 | author = Little M, P. Pereira, T. Carrette, J. Seymour }} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://lifeinthefastlane.com/2008/12/irukandji-syndrome/|title=Irukandji syndrome|date=18 December 2008|website=lifeinthefastlane.com|accessdate=20 April 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818011748/http://lifeinthefastlane.com/2008/12/irukandji-syndrome/|archivedate=18 August 2013|df=dmy-all}} 4. ^{{cite journal | author = Flecker H | title = Irukandji sting to North Queensland bathers without production of weals but with severe general symptoms | journal = Med J Aust | volume = 2 | issue = 3 | pages = 89–91 | year = 1952 | pmid = 14956317}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal |vauthors=Nickson CP, Waugh EB, Jacups S, Currie B | title = Irukandji syndrome case series from Australia’s tropical Northern Territory | journal = Ann Emerg Med | volume = 54 | issue = 3| pages = 395–403 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19409658 | doi = 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009.03.022}} 6. ^{{cite journal |author1=Little M |author2=Pereira P. |author3=Mulcahy R. |author4=Cullen P. |author5=Carrette T. |author6=Seymour J. | title = Severe cardiac failure associated with presumed jellyfish sting. Irukandji syndrome? | journal = Anaesth Intensive Care | volume = 31 | issue = 6 | pages = 642–47 | year = 2003 | pmid = 14719425}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/rn/scienceshow/stories/2007/1902188.htm|title=Irukandji Jellyfish|date=23 June 2006|accessdate=2 January 2009|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126061042/http://www.abc.net.au/rn/scienceshow/stories/2007/1902188.htm|archivedate=26 January 2009|df=dmy-all}} 8. ^1 {{cite journal | title = Fatal envenomation by jellyfish causing Irukandji syndrome | journal = Med J Aust | volume = 177 | issue = 7 | pages = 362–63 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12358578 |author1=P. Fenner |author2=J. Hadok }} 9. ^{{cite journal | title = Autonomic neurotoxicity of jellyfish and marine animal venoms | journal = Clin Auton Res | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 125–30 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9613803 | doi = 10.1007/BF02267823 |author1=J. Burnett |author2=D. Weinrich |author3=J. Williamson |author4=P. Fenner |author5=L. Lutz |author6=D. Bloom }} 10. ^{{cite journal | title = Mechanism of cardiac failure in Irukandji syndrome and first aid treatment for stings | journal = Anaesth Intensive Care | volume = 29 | issue = 5 | pages = 552 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11669442 | author = J.Tibballs, G. Hawdon, K. Winkel}} 11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/first-aid/jellyfish-stings-treatment |title=Jellyfish Sting Treatment |publisher=WebMD |year=2013 |accessdate=10 May 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084451/http://www.webmd.com/first-aid/jellyfish-stings-treatment |archivedate=18 May 2015 |df=dmy-all }} 12. ^{{cite web |title=Should we stop using vinegar to treat box jelly stings? Not yet—Venom experts weigh in on recent study |first=Christie |last=Wilcox |work=Science Sushi |publisher=Discover Magazine Blogs |date=9 April 2014 |accessdate=26 April 2015 |url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/science-sushi/2014/04/09/stop-using-vinegar-treat-box-jelly-stings-yet-venom-experts-weigh-recent-study/ |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606155055/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/science-sushi/2014/04/09/stop-using-vinegar-treat-box-jelly-stings-yet-venom-experts-weigh-recent-study/ |archivedate=6 June 2017 |df=dmy-all }} 13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.mja.com.au/system/files/issues/179_11_011203/fen182_fm-2.pdf|title=Sublingual glyceryl trinitrate as prehospital treatment for hypertension in Irukandji syndrome|date=15 December 2003|accessdate=11 February 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211235351/https://www.mja.com.au/system/files/issues/179_11_011203/fen182_fm-2.pdf|archivedate=11 February 2017|df=dmy-all}} 14. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Little M, Mulcahy R | title = A year's experience of Irukandji envenomation in far north Queensland | journal = Med J Aust | volume = 169 | issue = 11–12 | pages = 638–41 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9887916}} 15. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Bailey P, Little M, Jelinek G, Wilce J | title = Jellyfish envenoming syndromes: unknown toxic mechanisms and unproven therapies | journal = Med J Aust | volume = 178 | issue = 1 | pages = 34–37 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12492389}} 16. ^{{cite journal | author = Corkeron M | title = Magnesium infusion to treat Irukandji syndrome | journal = Med J Aust | volume = 178 | issue = 8 | pages = 411 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12697017}} 17. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Corkeron M, Pereira P, Makrocanis C | title = Early experience with magnesium administration in Irukandji syndrome | journal = Anaesth Intensive Care | volume = 32 | issue = 5 | pages = 666–69 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15535491}} 18. ^{{cite journal | author = Little M | title = Failure of magnesium in treatment of Irukandji syndrome | journal = Anaesth Intensive Care | volume = 33 | issue = 4 | pages = 541–2 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16119507}} 19. ^{{Cite journal| title = The pharmacology of Malo maxima jellyfish venom extract in isolated cardiovascular tissues: A probable cause of the Irukandji syndrome in Western Australia| last=Li| first=R.| work = Tox Letters| year = 2011| issue=201(3)| pages=221–29| pmid=21237252| doi=10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.01.003| volume=201}} 20. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal | author = Barnes J | title = Cause and effect in Irukandji stingings | journal = Med J Aust | volume = 1 | issue = | pages = 897–904 | year = 1964 | pmid = 14172390}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.darwinawards.com/stupid/stupid1998-14.html|title=Stingy Scientist|publisher=darwinawards.com|accessdate=16 February 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205001448/http://darwinawards.com/stupid/stupid1998-14.html|archivedate=5 February 2012|df=dmy-all}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/barnes-john-handyside-jack-12177|title=Barnes, John Handyside (Jack) (1922–1985)|last=Baker|first=Joe|publisher=National Centre for Biography, Australian National University|work=Australian Dictionary of Biography|accessdate=20 March 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321083004/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/barnes-john-handyside-jack-12177|archivedate=21 March 2017|df=dmy-all}} 23. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Grady J, Burnett J | title = Irukandji-like syndrome in South Florida divers | journal = Ann Emerg Med | volume = 42 | issue = 6 | pages = 763–66 | year = 2003 | pmid = 14634600 | doi = 10.1016/S0196-0644(03)00513-4}} 24. ^{{cite journal | title = Another cause of "Irukandji stingings" | journal = Med J Aust | volume = 179 | issue = 11–12 | pages = 654 | year = 2003 | pmid = 14636148 | author = Little M, J. Seymour}} 25. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/08/new-jellyfish-discovered-giant-venomous-species-found-off-australia|title=New jellyfish discovered: giant venomous species found off Australia|last=|first=|authors=Australian Associated Press|date=2014-08-08|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812072511/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/08/new-jellyfish-discovered-giant-venomous-species-found-off-australia#|archive-date=12 August 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}} 26. ^{{cite episode |title=Killer Jellyfish |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1139594/ |series=Killer Jellyfish |credits= |network=Discovery Channel |station= |airdate=2005 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429045300/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1139594/ |archivedate=29 April 2011 |df=dmy-all }} External links{{Medical resources}}
3 : Parasitic infestations, stings, and bites of the skin|Toxic effects of venomous animals|Syndromes |
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