| 词条 | ISimangaliso Wetland Park |
| 释义 |
| name = iSimangaliso Wetland Park | photo = GreaterStLucia.jpg | photo_alt = | photo_caption = Greater St. Lucia Wetlands | photo_width = | map = South Africa | relief = 1 | map_alt = | map_caption = Location of the park within of South Africa | map_width = | location = KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa | nearest_city = Durban, South Africa | embedded1 = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | child = yes | criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(vii), (ix), (x)}}(vii), (ix), (x) | ID = 914 | year = 1999 | area = {{convert|239,566|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}} | website = http://www.isimangaliso.com/ }} | coordinates = {{coords|28|0|0|S|32|30|0|E|display=inline, title}} | area_km2 = 3280 | established = 1895 | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = iSimangaliso Authority | world_heritage_site = | url = |embedded2 = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = St. Lucia System | designation1_date = 2 October 1986 | designation1_number = 345[1]}} }} iSimangaliso Wetland Park (previously known as the Greater St. Lucia Wetland Park) is situated on the east coast of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, about 275 kilometres north of Durban. It is South Africa's third-largest protected area, spanning 280 km of coastline, from the Mozambican border in the north to Mapelane south of the Lake St. Lucia estuary, and made up of around 3,280 km2 of natural ecosystems, managed by the iSimangaliso Authority. The park includes:
The park was previously known as the Greater St. Lucia Wetland Park, but was renamed effective 1 November 2007. The word isimangaliso means "a miracle" or "something wondrous" in Zulu. The name came as a result of Shaka's subject having been sent to the land of the Tsonga. When he came back he described the beauty that he saw as a miracle. Transfrontier parkThe park is due{{when|date=August 2018}} to be integrated into a transfrontier park, the Ponta do Ouro-Kosi Bay Transfrontier Conservation Area, straddling South Africa, Mozambique, and Eswatini. This is in turn planned to become a part of the greater Greater Lubombo Transfrontier Conservation Area.{{cn|date=August 2018}} HistoryUntil 1895, the bay had been a home of the Tsonga people and their primitive Tsonga fish kraal. This is the original and the natural home of the Tsonga people and they have lived here for more than 1000 years.[2] Records from early Portuguese sailors rightfully point out this area to be occupied by the Tsonga people and further down south. The area was also known as Tembeland or Thongaland but the name fell into disuse around the early 1900s. The area was ruled by a Tsonga branch of the Vahlanganu (Tembe). The Swiss Missionary, Reverend Henri Alexandra Junod (Known as HA Junod), conducted a scientific and ethnographic study of the Tsonga people during the early 1890s and produced a detailed map, showing the occupation of the bay by the Tsonga Tembe people.[3] The Swiss Missionary, Rev Junod, illustrated in his detailed map that the area was known as Tembeland and that the Tembe capital city was located in the St Lucia bay. Rev Junod's map showed that by 1906, the Tsonga people occupied the land from St Lucia up until Valdezia in the Spelenkon district of the Transvaal province, known today as Limpopo Province. St Lucia bay and Maputo bay are one land and they belong to the Tsonga people, Tsonga villages were built from St Lucia bay until Maputo and they were not separated by any natural division. Around St Lucia, the ruling chief was the Tembe Royal Family, while around Maputo, the ruling class was the Maputo royal family, who are all of the Vahlanganu branch of the Tsonga people. In and around Maputo and St Lucia bay (Tembeland), the language spoken is Ronga, which according to the Swiss Missionary, Rev HA Junod, is not an independent language but a dialect of Xitsonga. According to Rev Junod, Ronga language is so similar to Xitsonga that it cannot be regarded an independent language but is a dialect of a major language known today as Xitsonga.{{cn|date=July 2018}} The Tsonga people were forcefully removed from the park when Britain colonised the area in 1895 and turned the place into a wildlife reserve and established the holiday town of St Lucia. Because of colonisation, the southern part of the park was handed over to the Zulu nation, while the northern part was given to the Tsonga people. Before colonisation, the Tsonga controlled the entire St Lucia bay. Despite colonisation and annexation of land, the Tsonga people still live in the northern part of the park, at Kosi Bay. The Tembe Elephant Park, run by Chief Israel Tembe, is a living history that testify to the rich Tsonga history of this wetland park. Chief Israel Tembe is the custodian of this ancient Tsonga land that was taken away during colonisation. The Tembe kingdom, one of the most powerful kingdoms in Southern Africa before colonisation, was a ruling class for more than eight centuries.{{cn|date=July 2018}} St. Lucia was first named in 1554 Rio dos Medos do Ouro (alternatively Rio dos Médãos do Ouro — River of the Gold Dunes)[4][5] by the survivors of the Portuguese ship Saint Benedict. At this stage, only the Tugela River mouth was known as St. Lucia. Later, in 1575, the Tugela River was named Tugela. On 13 December 1575, the day of the feast of Saint Lucy, Manuel Peresterello renamed the mouth area to Santa Lucia. In 1822, St. Lucia was proclaimed by the British as a township. In 1895, St. Lucia Game Reserve, 30 km north of the town was proclaimed.{{cn|date=July 2018}} In 1971, St. Lucia Lake and the turtle beaches and coral reefs of Maputaland have been listed by the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Convention). In December 1999, the park was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site at an unveiling ceremony, where Nelson Mandela was the guest of honour. BiodiversityThe park was proclaimed a world heritage site because of the rich biodiversity, unique ecosystems and natural beauty occurring in a relatively small area. The reason for the huge diversity in fauna and flora is the great variety of different ecosystems on the park, ranging from coral reefs and sandy beaches to subtropical dune forests, savannas, and wetlands. Animals occurring on the park include elephant, African leopard, black and southern white rhino, buffalo, and in the ocean, whales, dolphins, and marine turtles including the leatherback and loggerhead turtle. The park is also home to 1,200 Nile crocodiles and 800 hippopotami. In December 2013, after 44 years of absence, African lions were reintroduced to iSimangaliso.[6] There are large outcroppings of underwater reefs which are home to brightly coloured fish and corals. Some of the most spectacular coral diversity in the world is located in Sodwana Bay. The reefs are inhabited by colour-changing octopuses and squid ready to ambush unsuspecting prey. Occasionally gigantic whale sharks can be seen gliding through the water, mouth agape to scoop up tiny plankton. Twenty-four species of bivalve molluscs are recorded in St. Lucia Lake, which constitutes a considerable portion of the park.[7] See also
Notes1. ^{{Cite web|title=St. Lucia System|website=Ramsar Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/345|accessdate=25 April 2018}} 2. ^Mathebula, Mandla (2002), 800 Years of Tsonga History: 1200-2000, Burgersfort: Sasavona Publishers and Booksellers Pty Ltd. 3. ^Junod, H.A. (1927). The Life of a South African Tribe, vol. I: Social Life. London: Macmillan. 4. ^{{cite book |last= Gomes de Brito |first= Bernanrdo |title= HISTORIA TRAGICO-MARITIMA Em que se escrevem chronologicamente os Naufragios que tiveraõ as Naos de Portugal, depois que se poz em exercicio a Navegação da India, Volume 1 |year=1735 |publisher= Officina da Congregação do Oratorio | location = Lisbon | language = Portuguese |url= http://scans.library.utoronto.ca/pdf/4/12/historiatragicom01brituoft/historiatragicom01brituoft.pdf |page= 109 |accessdate= 11 November 2014}} 5. ^{{cite book |last= Xavier Botelho |first= Sebastião |title= Memoria estatistica sobre os dominios portuguezes na Africa Oriental, Volume 1 |year=1835 |publisher= Typ. de José Baptista Morando | location = Lisbon | language = Portuguese |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=cDBDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA77&lpg=PA77&dq=%22Rio+dos+Medos%22&source=bl&ots=8Xvq8in6Fy&sig=SRNqwSwExUtkf67Rf-fxgjot3_M&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3MthVOvKO63B7AbhpoDACQ&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22Rio%20dos%20Medos%22&f=false |page= 77| accessdate= 11 November 2014}} 6. ^ 7. ^Nel, H. A., Perissinotto, R. & Taylor, R. H. 2012. Diversity of bivalve molluscs in the St. Lucia Estuary, with an annotated and illustrated checklist. African Invertebrates 53 (2): 503-525.{{cite web |url=http://www.africaninvertebrates.org.za/Nel_etal_2012_53_2_569.aspx |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-11-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20121224185751/http://www.africaninvertebrates.org.za/Nel_etal_2012_53_2_569.aspx |archivedate=2012-12-24 |df= }} References
External links{{commons category|ISimangaliso Wetland Park}}
5 : World Heritage Sites in South Africa|Umfolozi River|1895 in South Africa|Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife Parks|Ramsar sites in South Africa |
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