| 词条 | Islam in Ghana | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|group = Ghanaian Muslims |image = |population = 4.92 million 20% of Ghana's population{{cn|date=January 2017}} |regions = Tamale, Kumasi, Accra (0.35 million and above; 2002) |langs = English, Akan, Dagbanli, Hausa others |rels = Islam ({{small|majority Sunni (65%), also Ahmadiyya (20%), Sufi (27%), Shia (8%), non-denominational Muslims (2%)}}) |related-c = }}{{Islam by country}} Islam is one of the major religions practiced widely in Ghana. Its presence in Ghana dates back to the 10th century. The population of Muslims in Ghana is about 20%.[1] The majority of Muslims in Ghana are followers of Sunni Islam, with approximately 20% belonging to the Ahmadiyya movement and approximately 8% belonging to Shia Islam.[2] The Maliki school of jurisprudence was the most common until Afa Ajura's reformist activities in the 1960s saw an overwhelming shift toward Hanbali doctrine.[3] Sufism, once widespread, has waned considerably over the years; the Tijaniyah and the Qadiriyah brotherhoods, however, are still represented among Ghana's traditionalist Muslims. Despite tensions in the Middle East and North Africa since the mid-1970s, Muslims and Christians in Ghana have had excellent relations. Guided by the authority of the Muslim Representative Council, religious, social, and economic matters affecting Muslims have often been redressed through negotiations. The National Hajj Council observes the responsibility of arranging pilgrimages to Mecca for believers who can afford the journey.[2] The National Chief Imam of Ghana is the highest authority on Muslim affairs in Ghana. Some metropolitan areas and cities, especially in areas with a significant Muslim population, have Islamic or Arabic schools offering primary, junior secondary, senior secondary and tertiary education. History of Islam in GhanaIslam made a momentous entry into the Northern Territories of Ghana at the beginning of the fifteenth century, mainly due to commercial (trading) activities of sahelian tribes of West Africa. Prior to that, Da'wah workers had made contact and written extensively about the people including inhabitants of Bonoman states located in the hinterlands of contemporary Ghana.[4] The introduction of Islam into Ghana was mainly the result of the commercial activities of Mande and Hausa Speaking traders. Spread of Islam in GhanaThe arrival and spread of Islam in Ghana followed several and different pathways; the Mandens came through the North and North-Western corridors of Ghana while the Borno and Hausa peoples came through the North-East. Islam is thought to have successfully penetrated southern Ghana following the "collapse of the Bono and the Begho states, and its increase was encouraged by the fact that the slave trade became more lucrative and competitive".[6] Furthermore, the British colonial government in the nineteenth century enlisted people from various northern predominantly Muslim communities into the colonial army. Finally, the mass exodus of immigrants into forest areas of Ghana following the 1892 Sack of Salaga by joint forces of Dagomba, Namumba and Gonja Kingdoms significantly depleted Muslim populations in the North while boosting that of the South.[5][6] Population of Muslims in GhanaMuslim population is concentrated in Northern Ghana and in Zongo communities scattered across the country. Zongo communities are settlements predominated by immigrants from Sahelian areas of West Africa who have adopted Hausa language as a lingua franca. Members of the Zongo community are mistakenly but commonly regarded as Northerners. However, the two communities are distinct, having different cultures and languages.[7][8][9] The official Ghana Statistical Service census reports 30% as being Muslims[10] although that figure is being protested by independent organizations. The Coalition of Muslim Organizations maintain that the final figures released in 2002 "contained serious flaws and as a result could not be used as reliable data for planning and projecting the country’s development agenda".[11][12] The call came at the same time groups mainly from the North petitioned the government to withdraw the results, expressing concern that some ethnic groups were underrepresented in the population count and that the service should open up their procedures for public scrutiny. CIA statistics put the population of Muslims in Ghana at 30 percent. Other accounts place the figure at 35 percent.[13][14][15][16] The government of Ghana's allocation of funds for national development is heavily influenced by population demographics.[17][18] Geographical distributionAccording to the 2010 Census, Muslims constitute about 35.6 percent of the population of Ghana. [19]
Muslims constitute a majority in Northern Region and a large minority in Upper West Region and Upper East Region. There a slightly less Muslims in the southern parts of Ghana. Sub groupsAhmadiyya{{Main|Ahmadiyya in Ghana}}The Ahmadiyya Muslim community, formally established in 1921, is the oldest continuous Muslim community in Ghana. Ahmadi Muslims were among the earliest Muslim missionaries in Ghana, and by 1957, they had converted over 100,000 (mostly Christian) people to Islam.[21][22] The first Ahmadi missionary to Ghana, Maulvi Abdul Rahim Nayyar, came upon invitation from Muslims in Saltpond.[23] At 16%, Ghana hosts the largest proportion of Ahmadi Muslims to the wider Muslim population by country.[24] Sufi{{See also|Sufism}}Sufism is the most traditional form of Islam in Ghana because of its long presence, close association and tolerance for the culture of the indigenous peoples even though they have never come together to form an establishment or a unified community.[25] Prominent Sufi orders represented in Ghana are the Tijaniyya and Qadiriyya. Sufism is common among the immigrant Muslim population of Ghana, also known as the Zongos. Sufis make up 27 percent of Muslims in Ghana.[24]Sunni{{See also|Sunni Islam}}Sunni Islam was introduced into Ghana as part of the 1940s reformist activities of late Ghanaian Mujaddid, Afa Ajura. Afa Ajura's campaign challenged the status quo of the Sufi doctrine and pitted him against the already establish Sufi social structures. It was not until the 1970s that his message gained wide acceptance, resulting in a majority of Muslims, 51 percent (2014),[24] now affiliating with the Anbariyya Sunni Community. For most of its established time in Ghana, Sunni Islam was propagated across the country in Dagbanli - the mother tongue of Afa Ajura. Recently Sunni adherents in Zongo communities in southern Ghana (18% of Muslims)[24] have formed the "Ahlusunnah wal Jamaa" (ASWaJ) organization in order to reach the Hausa-speaking population. ASWaJ still draws inspiration from their parent Anbariyya leadership, headed by Afa Seidu in Tamale.[26][27][28] Other denominations
Notable Muslims
See also
Notes1. ^http://www.religionfacts.com/charts/adherents-by-country 2. ^1 {{cite web | url=http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Muslim/the-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf | title=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity | accessdate=25 February 2016| date=August 9, 2012 | publisher=Pew Forum on Religious & Public life| pages=16, 30}} 3. ^{{cite book | url=http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/webclient/StreamGate?folder_id=0&dvs=1418408874889~396 | title=The decline of Sufism in West Africa: Some factor contributing to the political and social ascendancy of Wahhabist Islam in Northern Ghana| publisher=Institute of Islamic Studies - McGill University | author=Mohammad Saani, Ibrahim | year=2011 | location=Montreal}} 4. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.islamicpopulation.com/africa/ghana/islam_in_ghana_report.htm | title=Islam in Ghana - Report | publisher=IslamicPopulation.com | work=HI/OB/IINA | accessdate=December 18, 2014}} 5. ^{{cite book | title=Salaga: The Struggle for Power | publisher=Historical Society of Ghana | author=J. A. Braimah, J. R. Goody | year=1969 | pages=222}} 6. ^{{cite book | title=Contesting Islam: "Homegrown Wahhabism," Education and Muslim Identity in Northern Ghana, 1920--2005 | publisher=ProQuest | author=Abdulai Iddrisu | year=2009 | pages=283 | isbn=9781109220643 | location=University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign}} 7. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=234310 | title=300 Year Stay In Ghana Does Not Make You A Ghanaian | work=Al-Hajj | date=29 March 2012 | agency=GhanaWeb | accessdate=December 17, 2014 | location=Accra - Ghana}} 8. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/artikel.php?ID=281010 | title=NDC's Phanton Sympathy For The Zongo And Northerners | work=Independent Minded Zongorians | date=31 July 2013 | agency=GhanaWeb | accessdate=December 17, 2014 | author=Yahaya, Tanko Ali (skiliwonda@gmail.com) | location=Accra - Ghana}} 9. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=281461 | title=Zongo:the eleventh region? | date=5 August 2013 | agency=GhanaWeb | accessdate=December 17, 2014 | author=Yahaya, Tanko Ali | location=Accra Ghana}} 10. ^[https://www.cia.gov/library//publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html Field Listing :: Religions].cia.gov. Retrieved 29 December 2012. 11. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.newsfromafrica.org/newsfromafrica/articles/art_7902.html |title=Muslims cry foul over population figures |date=2002 |agency=NewsFromAfrica |accessdate=December 17, 2014 |author=Amos Safo |location=Ghana |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502031906/http://www.newsfromafrica.org/newsfromafrica/articles/art_7902.html |archivedate=May 2, 2014 |df= }} 12. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71304.htm | title=International Religious Freedom Report 2006 Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor | work=US State Department | accessdate=December 17, 2014}} 13. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e708?_hi=0&_pos=12 | title=Ghana, Islam in | publisher=Oxford Islamic Studies | accessdate=December 19, 2014 | author=Ed. John L. Esposito}} 14. ^{{cite book | title=Ahmadiyya Muslim Mosques Around the World: A Pictorial Presentation | publisher=Ahmadiyya Muslim Community | year=2008 | location=USA | pages=352 | isbn=9781882494514}} 15. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.arabnews.com/islam-perspective/journey-through-islam-muslims-have-come-well-ghana | title=A Journey Through Islam: Muslims have come up well in Ghana | work=Arab News | date=1 March 2013 | accessdate=December 17, 2014 | author=Hashim, M. Ali Mahdi (PhD) | location=Saudi Arabia}} 16. ^Ghana's Muslims have previously raised concern over the census figures which states that 17% of Ghanaians belong to the Muslim faith. It is claimed that Muslims represent somewhere between 30 and 45% of Ghana. Under this, the Ahmadiyya population would number almost 2 million. The Ahmadiyya Muslim community itself gives an estimate of over 2 million Ahmadis in Ghana. See* "Muslims cry foul over population figures". News From Africa. Retrieved April 30, 2014. (ref 8)* Ahmadiyya Muslim Mosques around the World. p. 70 (ref 11) 17. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.muslimpopulation.com/pdf/Ghana_Muslim%20NGO.pdf | title=the expansion of Muslim ngo's in ghana | date=2007 | accessdate=December 17, 2014 | author=h olger Weiss}} 18. ^{{cite journal | url=http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic436657.files/Banful_ghana_7Nov07.pdf | title=Can Institutions Reduce Clientelism? A study of the District Assemblies Common Fund in Ghana | author=Branoah Banful, Afua (abanful@fas.harvard.edu) | journal=Harvard University}} 19. ^ Ghana Census 2010 statistics page 84 20. ^Ghana at GeoHive. 21. ^1 {{cite web | url=http://www.oasiscenter.eu/articles/interreligious-dialogue/2007/10/01/ghana-if-islam-becomes-an-enigma | title=Ghana, if Islam Becomes an Enigma | publisher=Oasiscenter | date=1 October 2007 | accessdate=December 19, 2014 | author=Turkson, Peter-K.}} 22. ^{{cite book | title=The Muslim Resurgence in Ghana Since 1950: Its Effects Upon Muslims and Muslim-Christian Relations Christentum und Islam Im Dialog Christian - Muslim Relations Series Volume 7 of Christentum und Islam im Dialog Christian - Muslim Relations | publisher=LIT Verlag Münster | author=Nathan Samwini | year=2006 | pages=342 | isbn=9783825889913}} 23. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.jamiaghana.org/about/ | title=Jamia Ahmadiyya International Ghana | publisher=Jamiaghana.org | accessdate=December 19, 2014}} 24. ^1 2 3 {{cite press release | url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/08/the-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf | title=The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity | publisher=Pew Research Centre | date=9 August 2012 | accessdate=December 19, 2014}} 25. ^{{cite book | title=Culture and Customs of Ghana | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group | author=Steven J. Salm | authorlink=Toyin Falola | year=2002 | pages=224 | isbn=9780313320507}} 26. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=126047 | title=Al Sunni Muslim sect gets new leader | work=GNA | date=23 June 2007 | agency=Ghana Web | accessdate=December 19, 2014 | location=Tamale Ghana}} 27. ^{{cite web | url=http://waljamaa.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=8 | title=Brief history of the coming together of the Ahlusunnah wal Jama'a in Ghana | accessdate=December 19, 2014 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219201153/http://waljamaa.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=8 | archivedate=December 19, 2014 | df= }} 28. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.anbariya.com/v1/ | title=Anbariya Sunni Community | accessdate=December 19, 2014}} References{{Reflist}}External links
3 : Islam by country|Islam in Ghana|Religion in Ghana |
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