“Isotopes of ruthenium”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Isotopes of ruthenium

释义

List of isotopes
Notes
References

Naturally occurring ruthenium (₄₄Ru) is composed of seven stable isotopes. Additionally, 27 radioactive isotopes have been discovered. Of these radioisotopes, the most stable are ¹⁰⁶Ru, with a half-life of 373.59 days; ¹⁰³Ru, with a half-life of 39.26 days and ⁹⁷Ru, with a half-life of 2.9 days.

Twenty-four other radioisotopes have been characterized with atomic weights ranging from 86.95 u (⁸⁷Ru) to 119.95 u (¹²⁰Ru). Most of these have half-lives that are less than five minutes, excepting ⁹⁵Ru (half-life: 1.643 hours) and ¹⁰⁵Ru (half-life: 4.44 hours).

The primary decay mode before the most abundant isotope, ¹⁰²Ru, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay product before ¹⁰²Ru is technetium and the primary product after is rhodium.

List of isotopes

nuclide symbol	Z(p)	N(n)	isotopic mass (u)	half-life	decay mode(s)^[1]^[2]	daughter isotope(s)^[3]	nuclear spin and parity	representative isotopic composition (mole fraction)	range of natural variation (mole fraction)
nuclide symbol	excitation energy			half-life	decay mode(s)^[1]^[2]	daughter isotope(s)^[3]	nuclear spin and parity	representative isotopic composition (mole fraction)	range of natural variation (mole fraction)
⁸⁷Ru	44	43	86.94918(64)#	50# ms [>1.5 µs]	β⁺	⁸⁷Tc	1/2−#
⁸⁸Ru	44	44	87.94026(43)#	1.3(3) s [1.2(+3−2) s]	β⁺	⁸⁸Tc	0+
⁸⁹Ru	44	45	88.93611(54)#	1.38(11) s	β⁺	⁸⁹Tc	(7/2)(+#)
⁹⁰Ru	44	46	89.92989(32)#	11.7(9) s	β⁺	⁹⁰Tc	0+
⁹¹Ru	44	47	90.92629(63)#	7.9(4) s	β⁺	⁹¹Tc	(9/2+)
^91mRu	80(300)# keV			7.6(8) s	β⁺ (>99.9%)	⁹¹Tc	(1/2−)
					IT (<.1%)	⁹¹Ru
					β⁺, p (<.1%)	⁹⁰Mo
⁹²Ru	44	48	91.92012(32)#	3.65(5) min	β⁺	⁹²Tc	0+
⁹³Ru	44	49	92.91705(9)	59.7(6) s	β⁺	⁹³Tc	(9/2)+
^93m1Ru	734.40(10) keV			10.8(3) s	β⁺ (78%)	⁹³Tc	(1/2)−
					IT (22%)	⁹³Ru
					β⁺, p (.027%)	⁹²Mo
^93m2Ru	2082.6(9) keV			2.20(17) µs	(21/2)+
⁹⁴Ru	44	50	93.911360(14)	51.8(6) min	β⁺	⁹⁴Tc	0+
^94mRu	2644.55(25) keV			71(4) µs	(8+)
⁹⁵Ru	44	51	94.910413(13)	1.643(14) h	β⁺	⁹⁵Tc	5/2+
⁹⁶Ru	44	52	95.907598(8)	Observationally Stable^[4]			0+	0.0554(14)
⁹⁷Ru	44	53	96.907555(9)	2.791(4) d	β⁺	^97mTc	5/2+
⁹⁸Ru	44	54	97.905287(7)	Stable			0+	0.0187(3)
⁹⁹Ru	44	55	98.9059393(22)	Stable			5/2+	0.1276(14)
¹⁰⁰Ru	44	56	99.9042195(22)	Stable			0+	0.1260(7)
¹⁰¹Ru^[5]	44	57	100.9055821(22)	Stable			5/2+	0.1706(2)
^101mRu	527.56(10) keV			17.5(4) µs	11/2−
¹⁰²Ru^[5]	44	58	101.9043493(22)	Stable			0+	0.3155(14)
¹⁰³Ru^[5]	44	59	102.9063238(22)	39.26(2) d	β⁻	¹⁰³Rh	3/2+
^103mRu	238.2(7) keV			1.69(7) ms	IT	¹⁰³Ru	11/2−
¹⁰⁴Ru^[5]	44	60	103.905433(3)	Observationally Stable^[6]			0+	0.1862(27)
¹⁰⁵Ru^[5]	44	61	104.907753(3)	4.44(2) h	β⁻	¹⁰⁵Rh	3/2+
¹⁰⁶Ru^[5]	44	62	105.907329(8)	373.59(15) d	β⁻	¹⁰⁶Rh	0+
¹⁰⁷Ru	44	63	106.90991(13)	3.75(5) min	β⁻	¹⁰⁷Rh	(5/2)+
¹⁰⁸Ru	44	64	107.91017(12)	4.55(5) min	β⁻	¹⁰⁸Rh	0+
¹⁰⁹Ru	44	65	108.91320(7)	34.5(10) s	β⁻	¹⁰⁹Rh	(5/2+)#
¹¹⁰Ru	44	66	109.91414(6)	11.6(6) s	β⁻	¹¹⁰Rh	0+
¹¹¹Ru	44	67	110.91770(8)	2.12(7) s	β⁻	¹¹¹Rh	(5/2+)
¹¹²Ru	44	68	111.91897(8)	1.75(7) s	β⁻	¹¹²Rh	0+
¹¹³Ru	44	69	112.92249(8)	0.80(5) s	β⁻	¹¹³Rh	(5/2+)
^113mRu	130(18) keV			510(30) ms	(11/2−)
¹¹⁴Ru	44	70	113.92428(25)#	0.53(6) s	β⁻ (>99.9%)	¹¹⁴Rh	0+
¹¹⁴Ru	44	70	113.92428(25)#	0.53(6) s	β⁻, n (<.1%)	¹¹³Rh	0+
¹¹⁵Ru	44	71	114.92869(14)	740(80) ms	β⁻ (>99.9%)	¹¹⁵Rh
¹¹⁵Ru	44	71	114.92869(14)	740(80) ms	β⁻, n (<..1%)	¹¹⁴Rh
¹¹⁶Ru	44	72	115.93081(75)#	400# ms [>300 ns]	β⁻	¹¹⁶Rh	0+
¹¹⁷Ru	44	73	116.93558(75)#	300# ms [>300 ns]	β⁻	¹¹⁷Rh
¹¹⁸Ru	44	74	117.93782(86)#	200# ms [>300 ns]	β⁻	¹¹⁸Rh	0+
¹¹⁹Ru	44	75	118.94284(75)#	170# ms [>300 ns]
¹²⁰Ru	44	76	119.94531(86)#	80# ms [>300 ns]	0+

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nucleonica.net/unc.aspx |title=Universal Nuclide Chart |publisher=nucleonica |registration=yes}}
2. ^Abbreviations:
IT: Isomeric transition
3. ^Bold for stable isotopes
4. ^Believed to undergo β⁺β⁺ decay to ⁹⁶Mo with a half-life over 6.7×10¹⁶ years
5. ^¹²³⁴⁵Fission product
6. ^Believed to undergo β⁻β⁻ decay to ¹⁰⁴Pd
7. ^[https://www.irsn.fr/EN/newsroom/News/Documents/IRSN_Information-Report_Ruthenium-106-in-europe_20171109.pdf] Detection of ruthenium 106 in France and in Europe, IRSN France (9 Nov 2017)

Notes

Geologically exceptional samples are known in which the isotopic composition lies outside the reported range. The uncertainty in the atomic mass may exceed the stated value for such specimens.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}
Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC, which use expanded uncertainties.
In September 2017 an estimated amount of 100 to 300 TBq (0.3 to 1 g) was released in Russia, probably in the Ural region. It was, after ruling out release from a reentering satellite, concluded that the source is to be found either in nuclear fuel cycle facilities or radioactive source production. In France levels up to 0.036mBq/m³ of air were measured. It is estimated that over distances of the order of a few tens of kilometres around the location of the release levels may exceed the limits for non-dairy foodstuffs^[7].

References

Isotope masses from:
- {{NUBASE 2003}}
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- {{CAWIA 2003}}
- {{CIAAW 2005}}
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
- {{NUBASE 2003}}
- {{NNDC}}
- {{CRC85|chapter=11}}

3 : Ruthenium|Isotopes of ruthenium|Lists of isotopes by element

随便看

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。