| 词条 | Iturup | |||||||
| 释义 |
|name = Iturup |image name = Iturup Terra cut.jpg |image caption = NASA image of Iturup with Berutarube volcano at the southern end of the island |image size = 300px |locator map = Kuriles Iturup.PNG |native name = |native name link = |other_names = {{lang-ru|Итуру́п}}; {{lang-ja|択捉島}}; Ainu:エﾂﾟヲロプシㇼ |location = Sea of Okhotsk |coordinates = {{coord|45|02|N|147|37|E|scale:2500000|display=inline,title}} |archipelago = Kuril Islands |total islands = |major islands = |area = {{convert|3139|km2|acre}} |length = {{convert|200|km|mi}} |width = {{convert|27|km|mi}} |coastline = |highest mount = Stokap |elevation = {{convert|1634|m|ft}} |country claim = Japan |country claim divisions title = Prefecture |country claim divisions = Hokkaido |country capital = |country claim largest city population = |country claim leader title = |country claim leader name = |country 1 claim = Russia |country 1 claim divisions title = Oblast |country 1 claim divisions = Sakhalin |country 1 claim capital city = |country 1 claim largest city = |country 1 claim largest city population = |country 1 claim leader title = |country 1 claim leader name = |country = Russia |country admin divisions title = Oblast |country admin divisions = Sakhalin |country admin divisions title 2 = Raion |country admin divisions 2 = Kurilsky District |country capital city = |country largest city = |country largest city population = |country leader title = |country leader name = |population = 7,500 |population as of = 2003 |density = |ethnic groups = |additional info = }} Iturup ({{lang-ru|Итуру́п and Остров Итуру́п, Ostrov Iturup[1]}}; Ainu: エﾂﾟヲロプシㇼ, Etuworop-sir; {{lang-ja|択捉島}}, Etorofu-tō,[2] historically also called Yetorup) is one of the Kuril Islands. It was formerly known as Staten Island.[3] It is the largest and northernmost island in the southern Kurils, ownership of which is disputed by Japan and Russia. The island was Japanese territory until the end of the Second World War in 1945, when Soviet forces took possession of all the Kurils and forced out Japanese residents. The island is still claimed by Japan, which considers a site on Iturup to be its northernmost point. Iturup is located near the southern end of the Kuril chain, between Kunashiri (19 km to the SW) and Urup (37 km to the NE). The town of Kurilsk, administrative center of Kurilsky District, is located roughly midway along its western shore. Iturup and Urup are separated by the Vries Strait, named after Dutch explorer Maarten Gerritsz Vries, the first recorded European to explore the area.[4] GeographyIturup consists of volcanic massifs and mountain ridges. A series of a dozen calc-alkaline volcanoes running NE to SW form the backbone of the island, the highest being Stokap (1,634 m) in the central part of Iturup. The shores of the island are high and abrupt. The vegetation mostly consists of spruce, larch, pine, fir, and mixed deciduous forests with alder, lianas and Kuril bamboo underbrush. The mountains are covered with birch and Siberian Dwarf Pine scrub, herbaceous flowers (including Fragaria iturupensis, the Iturup strawberry) or bare rocks. The island also contains some high waterfalls, such as the Ilya Muromets. Rheniite, a rhenium sulfide mineral (ReS2), was discovered in active hot fumaroles on Kudriavy volcano and first described in 2004. In the field it was originally mistaken for molybdenite.[5]HistoryInitially inhabited by the Ainu, Iturup was reached in 1661 by the Japanese Shichirobei and his fellows after they had drifted there. The island saw both a Russian settlement (late 18th century) and a Japanese garrison (1800) at the site of the present-day Kurilsk. In 1855 Iturup was ceded to Japan by the Treaty of Shimoda. Its name comes from the Ainu エﾂﾟヲロプ (Etuworop), meaning "Place possessing [many] capes." On 26 November 1941, a Japanese carrier fleet left Hitokappu Bay (now called Kasatka Bay[6]), on the eastern shore of Iturup, and sailed for an attack on the American base of Pearl Harbor. In 1945, according to decisions of the Yalta Conference, it was occupied by the Soviet Union after Japan's defeat in World War II. The Japanese inhabitants were expelled to mainland Japan.[7] In 1956 the two countries agreed to restore diplomatic relations, but the peace treaty, {{As of|2017|lc=y}}, has not been concluded due to the disputed status of Iturup and some other nearby islands. A Soviet Anti-Air Defense (PVO) airfield, Burevestnik (English: storm-petrel), is located on the island and was until 1993 home for a number of Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23 fighter jets.[8] In 1968, Seaboard World Airlines Flight 253A was intercepted over the Kurils and forced to land at Burevestnik with 214 American troops bound for Vietnam. An older airfield, Vetrovoe, exists on the eastern part of the island and may have been used primarily by Japanese forces during World War II. A new international airport, Iturup Airport, was opened in 2014, {{convert|7|km}} east of Kurilsk. It was the first airport built from scratch in Russia's post-Soviet history. It has a {{convert|2.3|km}} long and {{convert|42|m}} wide runway and can receive Antonov An-74-200 aircraft. It also has a military use. The Burevestnik military airfield {{convert|60|km}} to the south, in the past received civilian aircraft as well, but was often closed because of fog. Burevestnik is now a reserve airfield for the new airport.[9] On February 2, 2018, PBS NewsHour reported that Russia announced it is sending fighter planes to Iturup.[10] Su-35 aircraft landed on a reserve airfield on the island[11] in March 2018[12][13] and Su-35s were then deployed to Iturup airport on a trial basis in August 2018.[14] Administratively the island belongs to the Sakhalin Oblast of the Russian Federation. GallerySee also
References1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-4084546&fid=5567&c=russia |title=Ostrov Iturup: Russia |work=Geographical Names |accessdate=2014-02-24}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-4068800&fid=5567&c=russia |title=Etorofu-tō: Russia |work=Geographical Names |accessdate=2014-02-24}} 3. ^{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924032379764 | title=A history of geographical discovery in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries | publisher=Cambridge University Press | author=Heawood, Edward | year=1912 | location=Cambridge | pages=87}} 4. ^Dutch exploration {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325002911/http://www.sakhalin.ru/Engl/Region/book/17th_18th.htm |date=2008-03-25 }} 5. ^{{cite journal |last1 = Korzhinsky |first1 = M.A. |last2=Tkachenko |first2=S. I.|last3=Shmulovich|first3=K. I. |last4=Taran|first4=Y. A. |last5=Steinberg|first5=G. S. |date = 5 May 2004 |title = Discovery of a pure rhenium mineral at Kudriavy volcano |journal = Nature | volume = 369 |pages = 51–52 |doi = 10.1038/369051a0 |issue=6475 |bibcode = 1994Natur.369...51K }} 6. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=yYs5AQAAIAAJ&q=Залив+Касатка+хитокаппу Внешняя политика Японии: сентябрь 1939 г.-декабрь 1941 г] – 1959, page 246 {{ru icon}} 7. ^Takahara, "Nemuro raid survivor" 8. ^{{cite book |last1=Austin |first1=Greg |last2=Muraviev |first2=Alexey D. |title=The Armed Forces of Russia in Asia |date=2000 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |location=London |isbn=9781860644856 |page=244 |url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=AFUiZB3Z60gC&pg=PA244 |accessdate=16 June 2018}} 9. ^{{cite news |title=New airport on Kuril Iturup Island receives first flight |url=https://www.rbth.com/news/2014/09/22/new_airport_on_kuril_iturup_island_receives_first_flight_39991.html |accessdate=16 June 2018 |work=Russia Beyond |agency=Interfax |date=22 September 2014}} 10. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/pbs-newshour-full-episode-february-2-2018|title=PBS NewsHour full episode February 2, 2018 (Time Index 8:37)|accessdate=26 October 2014}} 11. ^ {{cite news |author= |title=Japan Protests Russia's Military Flight Exercise Over Kuril Islands |url=https://sputniknews.com/world/201803281062975544-japan-russia-military-flight-exercise/ |work=Sputnik |location= |date=March 28, 2018 |access-date=August 5, 2018 }} 12. ^ {{cite news |author= |title=Russian fighter jets land on disputed island |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-03/26/c_137067150.htm |work=Xinhua News Agency |location= |date=March 26, 2018 |access-date=August 5, 2018 }} 13. ^ {{cite news |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |date=August 1, 2018 |title=Japan Asks Russia to Reduce Militarization of Disputed Kuril Islands |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/08/japan-asks-russia-to-reduce-militarization-of-disputed-kuril-islands/ |work=The Diplomat |location= |access-date=August 5, 2018 }} 14. ^ {{cite news |author= |title=Report: Fighter jets deployed on Etorofu for trial |url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20180804_07/ |work=NHK |location= |date=August 4, 2018 |access-date=August 5, 2018 }} External links
|last = Takahara |first = Kanako |authorlink = |date = September 22, 2007 |url = http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20070922w1.html |title = Nemuro raid survivor longs for homeland |format = Newspaper article |work = |pages = |publisher = Japan Times |accessdate = 2008-02-01 }}
7 : Iturup|Islands of the Kuril Islands|Southern Kuriles|Islands of the Sea of Okhotsk|Islands of the Russian Far East|Disputed islands|Japan–Soviet Union relations |
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