| 词条 | Jackson's chameleon |
| 释义 |
| name = Jackson's chameleon | image = Jackson's Chameleon 2 edit1.jpg | image_caption = A Jackson's chameleon descended from a population introduced to Hawaii in the 1970s | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | genus = Trioceros | species = jacksonii | authority = (Boulenger, 1896)[2] | synonyms =
}}Jackson's chameleon, Jackson's horned chameleon, or Kikuyu three-horned chameleon (Trioceros jacksonii ) is a species of chameleon (family Chamaeleonidae) native to East Africa, but also introduced to Hawaii, Florida, and California.[1][2][3][4][5] TaxonomyJackson's chameleon was described by Belgian-British zoologist George Albert Boulenger in 1896.[6] EtymologyThe generic name, Trioceros, is derived from the Greek τρί- (tri-) meaning "three" and κέρας (kéras) meaning "horns".[7] This is in reference to the three horns found on the heads of males. The specific name, jacksonii, is a Latinized form of English explorer and ornithologist Frederick John Jackson's last name, who was serving as the first Governor of Kenya at the time.[8][9] The English word chameleon (also chamaeleon) derives from Latin chamaeleō, a borrowing of the Ancient Greek χαμαιλέων (khamailéōn), a compound of χαμαί (khamaí) "on the ground" and λέων (léōn) "lion". The Greek word is a calque translating the Akkadian nēš qaqqari, "ground lion".[10] SubspeciesThe three subspecies, including the nominate, are:
Habitat and geographic rangeJackson's chameleons are native to woodlands and forests at altitudes of {{convert|1600|to|2440|m|ft|abbr=on}} in south-central Kenya and northern Tanzania.[3][11] In these areas, the rainfall is seasonal but exceeds {{convert|127|cm|in|abbr=on}} per year. Day temperatures are typically {{convert|16|-|27|C|F|abbr=on}}, and night temperatures are typically {{convert|4|-|18|C|F|abbr=on}}.[11] In Tanzania, it is known only from Mount Meru in the Arusha Region, which is the home of the relatively small endemic subspecies T. j. merumontanus.[3] Jackson's chameleon is more widespread in Kenya, where it is even found in wooded areas of some Nairobi suburbs.[3] The subspecies T. j. xantholophus (native to the Mount Kenya region) was introduced to Hawaii in 1972 and has since established populations on all main islands and became invasive species there.[12][13][14][15] This subspecies has also been introduced to Florida.[4] In Hawaii, they are found mainly at altitudes of {{convert|100|to|1000|m|ft|abbr=on}} in wet, shady places.[4] Historically this population was the primary source of Jackson's chameleons for the exotic pet trade in the United States, but exports from Hawaii are now illegal.[4] This has been done to prevent opportunists from willfully establishing further feral animal populations to capture and sell them.[15] Description{{Refimprove section|date=November 2010}}Jackson's chameleons are sometimes called three-horned chameleons because males possess three brown horns: one on the nose (the rostral horn) and one above each superior orbital ridge above the eyes (preocular horns), somewhat reminiscent of the ceratopsid dinosaur genus Triceratops. The females generally have no horns,[16] or instead have traces of the rostral horn (in the subspecies T. j. jacksonii and Tg traces of blue and yellow, but like all chameleons, they change color quickly depending on mood, health, and temperature. These are small to medium-sized chameleons. Adult males reach a total length (including tail) of up to {{convert|38|cm|in|abbr=on}} and females up to {{convert|25|cm|in|abbr=on|0}}, but more typical lengths are {{convert|15|to|25|cm|in|abbr=on|0}}.[3] They have a saw-tooth shaped dorsal ridge and no gular crest. They attain sexual maturity after five months. The lifespan is variable, with males generally living longer than females. The largest subspecies of Jackson's chameleon is T. j. xantholophus, which has been captively bred since the 1980s.[17] EcologyFeeding habitsJackson's chameleons live primarily on a diet of small insects. They also prey on centipedes, isopods, millipedes, spiders, lizards, small birds, and snails in their native habitat.[13] Invasive speciesThere is a threat of devastating impact of introduced invasive Jackson's chameleons to native ecosystems in Hawaii.[13] They were found with mainly insects in their stomachs: planthoppers Oliarus, grasshoppers Banza, casebearing caterpillars Hyposmocoma, beetles Oodemas, dragonflies Pantala[13] and others.[15] Holland et al. (2010)[13] proved that they also prey on snails in Hawaii.[13] Their prey includes land snails Achatinella, Auriculella, Lamellidea, Philonesia,[13] Oxychilus alliarius.[15] They are swallowing whole snails (including shells).[13] Jackson's chameleons introduced to Hawaii are a substantial threat to native biodiversity of invertebrates[15] and a serious threat especially to endemic species, such as critically endangered O'ahu tree snails (genus Achatinella).[13][14] TerritorialityT. jacksonii are less territorial than most species of chameleons. Males will generally assert dominance over each other through color displays and posturing in an attempt to secure mating rights, but usually not to the point of physical fights. ReproductionMost chameleons are oviparous, but Jackson's chameleon gives birth to offspring soon before they are ready to hatch from their egg sac;[18] eight to thirty live young are born after a five- to six-month gestation. The subspecies T. j. merumontanus gives birth to five to ten live young.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} In captivityIn captivity, Jackson's chameleons require high humidity, and are in general very needy of colder temperatures during the night. Too much heat, or excessive humidity, can cause eye infections and upper respiratory infections in these animals. In captivity, the Jackson's chameleon can be expected to live between five and ten years.[19] References1. ^1 {{cite journal|author=Tolley K|title=Trioceros jacksonii |journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|volume=2014|page=e.T172531A1344462|year=2014|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T172531A1344462.en}} 2. ^1 {{NRDB species|genus=Trioceros |species=jacksonii |accessdate=16 December 2015}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 Spawls S, Howell K, Drewes RC, Ashe J (2002). A Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibian of East Africa. Academic Press. pp. 227-228. {{ISBN|0-12-656470-1}} 4. ^1 2 3 Global Invasive Species Database. (2010). Chamaeleo jacksonii (reptile). Retrieved 16 November 2014. 5. ^California Herps: A Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of California. . Retrieved 20 April 2017. 6. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Boulenger|first=George Albert|authorlink=George Albert Boulenger|year=1896|title=Description of a new Chameleon from Uganda|journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Sixth Series|volume=17|issue=101|page=376|doi=10.1080/00222939608680383}} (Chamaeleon jacksonii, new species). 7. ^{{cite book|author=Liddell HG, Scott R|year=1980|title=Greek-English Lexicon, Abridged Edition|publisher=Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-910207-5}} 8. ^{{cite book| title=The Chameleon Handbook|first=François|last= Le Berre|author2=Bartlett, Richard D.| publisher =Barron's Educational Series|year=2009 |page=3|isbn=978-0-7641-4142-3 }} 9. ^Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (Chamaeleo jacksonii, p. 132). 10. ^Dictionary.com entry for "chameleon" 11. ^1 Waring GH (1996) Preliminary Study of the Behavior and Ecology of Jackson's Chameleon of Maui, Hawaii. Southern Illinois University. Retrieved 11 November 2014. 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.reportapest.org/pestlist/chajac.htm|title=Jackson's chameleon (Chamaeleo jacksonii )|publisher=Hawaii Biodiversity Information Network|accessdate=2013-09-19}} 13. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Holland BS, Montgomery SL, Costello V (2010). "A reptilian smoking gun: first record of invasive Jackson’s chameleon (Chamaeleo jacksonii ) predation on native Hawaiian species". Biodiversity and Conservation 19 (5): 1437-1441. {{doi|10.1007/s10531-009-9773-5}}. 14. ^1 Chiaverano LM, Holland BS (2014). "Impact of an invasive predatory lizard on the endangered Hawaiian tree snail Achatinella mustelina: a threat assessment". Endangered Species Research 24: 115-123. {{doi|10.3354/esr00589}}. 15. ^1 2 3 4 Kraus F, Preston D (2012). "Diet of the invasive lizard Chamaeleo jacksonii (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae) at a wetforest site in Hawaii". Pacific Science 66: 397-404. PDF. 16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.animalspot.net/jacksons-chameleon.html |title=Jackson's Chameleon |website=Animal Spot |access-date=May 30, 2018 }} 17. ^{{cite magazine |url=http://www.reptilesmagazine.com/Care-Sheets/Lizards/Jacksons-Chameleon/ |title=Jackson's Chameleon Care Sheet |first=Linda |last=Davison |access-date=May 30, 2018 |magazine=Reptiles }} 18. ^{{cite web |url=http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Chamaeleo_jacksonii/ |title=Jackson's chameleon |website=Animal Diversity Web |publisher=University of Michigan Museum of Zoology |access-date=May 30, 2018 |first=Heather |last=Kundinger }} 19. ^Exotic Pets section of About.com External links{{Commons category|Trioceros jacksonii}}
5 : Trioceros|Reptiles described in 1896|Lizards of Africa|Reptiles of Kenya|Reptiles of Tanzania |
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