词条 | Gender neutrality in Spanish | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
Feminist language reform has proposed gender neutrality in languages with grammatical gender, such as Spanish. Grammatical gender in Spanish refers to how Spanish nouns are categorized as either masculine (often ending in -o) or feminine (often ending in -a). As in other Romance languages—such as Portuguese, to which Spanish is very similar—a group of both males and females, or someone of unknown gender, is usually referred to by the masculine form of a nouns and or pronoun. Advocates of gender-neutral language modification consider this to be sexist, and favor new ways of writing and speaking. Activists against sexism in language are also concerned about words whose feminine form has a different (usually less prestigious) meaning. Grammatical background{{main|Grammatical gender in Spanish}}In Spanish, the masculine is often marked with the suffix -o, and it is generally easy to make a feminine noun from a masculine one by changing the ending from o to a: cirujano, cirujana (surgeon; m./f.); médico, médica (physician, m./f.) If the masculine version ends with a consonant, the feminine is typically formed by adding an -a to it as well: el doctor, la doctora. However, not all nouns ending in -o are masculine, and not all nouns ending in -a are feminine:
Invariable words in Spanish are often derived from the Latin participles ending in -ans and -ens (-antem and -entem in the accusative case): estudiante. Some words that are normatively epicene can have an informal feminine ending with '-a'. Example: la jefe; jefa. The same happens with la cliente (client); "la clienta". Social aspectsActivists against sexism in language are also concerned about words whose feminine form has a different (usually less prestigious) meaning:
Reform proposalsAs in other Romance languages, it is traditional to use the masculine form of nouns and pronouns when referring to both males and females. Advocates of gender-neutral language modification consider this to be sexist and favor new ways of writing and speaking. One such way is to replace gender-specific word endings -o and -a by an -x, which represents the syllable "ex" (such as in Latinx, pronounced as "la-TEEN-ex", as opposed to Latino and Latina[1]). It is more inclusive in genderqueer-friendly environments than the at-sign, given the existence of gender identities like agender and demigender and/or the existence of gender-abolitionist people. (The latter are different from agender people in that their reasons to not adopt any gender are based on ideology rather than inner identity.) One argument is that the at-sign and related symbols are based on the idea that there is a gender binary, instead of trying to break away with this construct, among others.[2] A list of proposals for reducing the generic masculine follows, adapted from the Asociación de Estudios Históricos sobre la Mujer's 2002 book, Manual de Lenguaje Administrativo no Sexista:[3]
PronounsSome Spanish-speaking people advocate for the use of elle/elles.[4] Its former use is similar to Spanish {{lang|es|lo}} (alive in Portuguese) and {{lang|es|ello}}, which cannot be used for objects, non-human living beings or people, as there are no neuter nouns or descriptive adjectives in Ibero-Romance languages.[5][6] Despite this, some still employ this pronoun in a gender-neutral personal third pronoun fashion, even if not allowed according to the historical use and etymology of the now-defunct word (in the spirit of a revival of the neuter form in early Romance that died off in most Romance languages).[7] Replacing -a and -oThere are several proposed word endings that combine the masculine -o and the feminine -a. Many people prefer use of the slash (/), as in: el/la candidato/a. Writing
PronunciationOpponents of the use of the -a/-o combination '@' as a letter in these languages feel that the character is a kind of political correctness. Many also raise the question of how these new words are to be pronounced. Proposals exist, though, such as those made by PCIG. According to the PCIG proposal, Spanish speakers can pronounce the at-sign using the phoneme /ɔ/ and the ligature with /ɛ/. However, some Spanish speakers are concerned that this proposal is unlikely to be adopted, since the Spanish language does not distinguish {{IPA|/ɔ/}} and {{IPA|/ɛ/}} from {{IPA|/o/}} and {{IPA|/e/}} respectively, and most of its speakers would therefore not even notice a difference in pronunciation. The Diccionario panhispánico de dudas, published by the Real Academia Española, says that the at-sign is not a linguistic sign, and should not be used from a normative point of view.[8] The phoneme {{IPAslink|ɔ}} is between the {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|a}} ~ {{IPAplink|ə}}]}} characteristic of feminine nouns and the {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|o}} ~ {{IPAplink|ʊ}} ~ {{IPAplink|u}}]}} characteristic of masculine nouns in the scale of vowel height, which can be characterized symbolic of gender inclusion. Analogously, the "gender-inclusive" {{IPAslink|ɛ}} is intermediate step between the "feminine" {{IPA|/a ~ ɐ/}} and the "masculine" {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|e}} ~ {{IPAplink|ɪ}} ~ {{IPAplink|i}} ~ {{IPAplink|ɯ|ɨ}}]}}. Political useSome politicians have begun to avoid perceived sexism in their speeches; the Mexican president Vicente Fox Quesada, for example, was famous for repeating gendered nouns in their masculine and feminine versions (ciudadanos y ciudadanas). This way of speaking is subject to parodies where new words with the opposite ending are created for the sole purpose of contrasting with the gendered word traditionally used for the common case (like *felizas and *especialistos in *felices y felizas or *las y los especialistas y especialistos). There remain a few cases where the appropriate gender is uncertain:
Links
References1. ^{{cite web|title=Definition of Latinx in English|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/Latinx|website=Oxford Dictionaries|accessdate=9 February 2017}} 2. ^Miniguide for the linguistic guerrillerx – Revista Geni {{pt icon}} 3. ^{{cite journal|url=https://bop.unibe.ch/linguistik-online/article/view/1748/2967|title=On Sexism in Language and Language Change – The Case of Peninsular Spanish|first=Benedicta Adokarley|last=Lomotey|journal=Linguistik Online|volume=70|number=1|year=2011|issn=1615-3014}} 4. ^1 2 Building a neuter gender in Spanish – for a more feminist, egalitarian and inclusive language {{es icon}} 5. ^The Neuter Gender in Spanish – About.com: Spanish language 6. ^Pronouns of the Spanish language – Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre {{pt icon}} 7. ^ 8. ^1 Diccionario panhispánico de dudas, GÉNERO2, in Spanish. 3 : West Iberian languages|Gender-neutral language|Grammatical gender |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识,基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识,是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。