| 词条 | German submarine U-73 (1940) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
U-73 carried out 15 patrols between early 1941 and late 1943, sinking eight ships and four warships. She also damaged a further three commercial vessels. She was part of five wolfpacks. She was sunk by two US warships, {{USS|Woolsey|DD-437|6}} and {{USS|Trippe|DD-403|2}}, off the North African coast on 16 December 1943 at {{coord|36|7|N|0|50|W|display=inline,title}}. DesignGerman Type VIIB submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIA submarines. U-73 had a displacement of {{convert|753|t|LT}} when at the surface and {{convert|857|t|LT}} while submerged.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=43–44}} She had a total length of {{convert|66.50|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a pressure hull length of {{convert|48.80|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a beam of {{convert|6.20|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a height of {{convert|9.50|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, and a draught of {{convert|4.74|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. The submarine was powered by two MAN M 6 V 40/46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of {{convert|2800 to 3200|PS|kW shp|-1}} for use while surfaced, two BBC GG UB 720/8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of {{convert|750|PS|kW shp}} for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two {{convert|1.23|m|ft|abbr=on|0}} propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to {{convert|230|m}}.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=43–44}} The submarine had a maximum surface speed of {{convert|17.9|kn}} and a maximum submerged speed of {{convert|8|kn}}.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=43–44}} When submerged, the boat could operate for {{convert|90|nmi}} at {{convert|4|kn}}; when surfaced, she could travel {{convert|8700|nmi}} at {{convert|10|kn}}. U-73 was fitted with five {{convert|53.3|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one {{convert|8.8|cm|in|2|abbr=on}} SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and one {{convert|2|cm|in|abbr=on}} anti-aircraft gun The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=43–44}} Service history1st patrolU-73 departed the Helgoland (also known as Heligoland) for her first patrol on 8 February 1941. Her route took her the length of the North Sea, through the 'gap' separating the Faroe and Shetland Islands, north-west toward Iceland, then south and west. She sank the Waynegate on 24 February 1941 south of Iceland. The boat arrived at Lorient, on the French Atlantic coast, on 2 March. 2nd patrolU-73 sank three ships on the same day, 3 April 1941. They were: the Alderpool, the Westpool and the British Viscount, all in the vicinity of Iceland. Her next victim was {{SS|Empire Endurance}} on 20 April, southwest of Rockall; also lost when this ship went down were two launches which were being carried as deck cargo: ML-1003 and M-1037. 3rd, 4th and 5th patrolsThese sorties were conducted in mid-Atlantic but were uneventful. On May 26, 1941 U-73 was ordered to help the wounded German battleship Bismarck which was under attack from British destroyers. On the night of May 26 U-73 spotted star shells that illuminated Bismarck and also saw the Bismarck firing her guns. But U-73 was unable to attack the destroyers due to Force 7 to 9 winds. U-73 reported the Bismarck's position to Group West but the positions proved inaccurate. U-73 then returned to port in France. 6th patrolU-73 entered the Mediterranean Sea via the heavily defended Straits of Gibraltar on 14 January 1942 during her sixth patrol.[2] Rosenbaum claimed to have sunk a destroyer in February, but post-war records offer no confirmation.[3] She docked at La Spezia in Italy on 12 February. 7th patrolThe submarine was attacked by a Bristol Blenheim of No. 203 Squadron RAF about {{convert|50|nmi}} north northwest of Derna in Libya on 22 March 1942. The damage was such that the boat was unable to dive and had to return to La Spezia on 26 March 1942. The U-boat was under repair at La Spezia for four months. 8th patrolOn 11 August 1942 she sank the aircraft carrier {{HMS|Eagle|1918|6}} during Operation Pedestal (supplying Malta).[4] Rosenbaum was awarded the Knight's Cross and sent to command the Black Sea U-boat flotilla.[4] 9th patrolFirst watch officer Horst Deckert was promoted to command U-73.[5] He was the son of German-American parents living in Chicago[5] and had joined U-73{{'}}s crew as a midshipman in 1940.[6] U-73 was depth-charged during an unsuccessful attack on Operation Torch (the invasion of French North Africa) troopships on 7 November.[7] On 10 November, U-73 missed the battleship {{HMS|Rodney|29|6}} with four torpedoes launched at a range of five kilometers.[8] She also damaged the Lalande off Oran on 14 November 1942. This ship was under repair until June 1943. 10th and 11th patrolsU-73 was damaged in an air attack on 5 December 1942 and forced to return to base. The boat was also attacked by a British Lockheed Hudson of 500 Squadron on 27 December 1942; damage was slight - the Hudson was shot down. She sank the 7,200-ton American Liberty ship SS Arthur Middleton from the convoy UGS 3 on 1 January 1943[9] {{convert|3|nmi}} off Oran. 12th patrolAs allied forces prepared for Operation Husky (the invasion of Sicily), U-73 sank the 1,600-ton British freighter Brinkburn off Oran on 21 June 1943 and damaged the 8,300-ton Royal Navy oiler {{RFAux|Abbeydale|A109|2}} on 28 June 1943.[10] The Brinkburn exploded with such force that damaged food cans and two 75 mm shells, still in their transit boxes, were found on the U-boat's bridge. The boat tied up at Toulon in France on 1 July 1943. 13th patrolPatrol number thirteen took U-73 to Sicily; she reached the Straits of Messina (between the island and the Italian mainland),[11] on 19 August 1943. 14th patrolU-73 was attacked by the British submarine {{HMS|Ultimatum|P34|6}} south-east of Toulon on 30 October 1943 (just before the end of her patrol). The torpedo missed. 15th patrol and lossU-73 found the convoy GUS-24 off Oran on 16 December 1943 and torpedoed the 7,200-ton American Liberty ship SS John S. Copley.[12] As the damaged vessel returned to port, the destroyers {{USS|Woolsey|DD-437|6}}, {{USS|Trippe|DD-403|6}} and {{USS|Edison|DD-439|6}} left Mers-el-Kebir to find the U-boat.[12] She was located by sonar at 18:15.[13] Hull turbulence made the U-boat's hydrophones ineffective at the speed U-73 was leaving the area, so she was unaware of the destroyers until Woolsey{{'}}s pattern of depth charges exploded below the submarine at 18:39.[14] Sea water poured in between the bow torpedo tubes and from a salt water inlet valve for the diesel engine cooling system.[14] All ballast tanks were blown to bring U-73 to the surface as inflowing water exceeded pumping capacity.[14] U-73 surfaced in darkness at 19:27 and men manned the heavy machine guns.[14] The destroyers promptly detected her on radar and illuminated the submarine with searchlights.[15] She sank by the stern following a brief exchange of gunfire, 34 of the crew were rescued by 22:10.[14] Three of Woolsey{{'}}s crew were wounded by machine gun fire[16] and sixteen of the U-boat crew perished.[12]WolfpacksU-73 took part in five wolfpacks, namely.
Summary of raiding history
SensorsRadarU-73 was one of the few U-boats to be fitted with a FuMO 61 Hohentwiel U-Radar system. It was installed on the starboard side of the conning tower. See also
ReferencesNotes1. ^Lenton 1976 p. 151 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/boats/patrols/u73.html |title=War Patrols by German U-boat U-73 |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net}} 3. ^Blair 1996 p. 554 4. ^1 Blair 1996 p. 650 5. ^1 Blair 1996 p. 651 6. ^Sanders, January 1969, p. 58 7. ^Blair 1998 p. 96 8. ^Blair 1998 p. 98 9. ^Blair 1998 p. 209 10. ^Blair 1998 pp. 377-378 11. ^The Times Atlas of the World - Third edition, revised 1995, {{ISBN|0 7230 0809 4}}, p. 16 12. ^1 2 Blair 1998 p. 457 13. ^Sanders, January 1969, p. 59 14. ^1 2 3 4 Sanders, January 1969, p. 62 15. ^Sanders, January 1969, p. 61 16. ^Sanders, January 1969 p. 60 17. ^Merchant ship tonnages are in gross register tons. Military vessels are listed by tons displacement. 18. ^{{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/boats/successes/u73.html |title=Ships hit by U-73 |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net}} Citations{{reflist|30em}}Bibliography{{Refbegin}}
|last1=Busch |first1=Rainer |last2=Röll |first2=Hans-Joachim |title=Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945 |trans-title=German U-boat losses from September 1939 to May 1945 |work=Der U-Boot-Krieg |volume=IV |publisher=Mittler |location=Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn |year=1999 |isbn=3-8132-0514-2 |language=German |ref=harv }}
|last1=Gröner |first1=Erich |author-link1= |author-mask1= |last2=Jung |first2=Dieter |display-authors= |last-author-amp= |last3=Maass |first3=Martin |translator-last1=Thomas |translator-first1=Keith |translator-last2=Magowan |translator-first2=Rachel |year=1991 |title=U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels |volume=2 |work=German Warships 1815–1945 |location=London |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |isbn=0-85177-593-4 |ref=CITEREFGr.C3.B6ner1991 }}
External links
|url=http://uboat.net/boats/u73.htm |title=The Type VIIB boat U-73 |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=8 December 2014 }}
|url=http://www.u-boot-archiv.de/dieboote/u0073.html |title=U 73 |last=Hofmann |first=Markus |website=Deutsche U-Boote 1935-1945 - u-boot-archiv.de |language=German |accessdate=8 December 2014 }}{{German Type VII submarines}}{{December 1943 shipwrecks}}{{Subject bar | portal1=Military of Germany | portal2=Submarine | portal3=World War II }}{{use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}{{DEFAULTSORT:U0073}} 9 : German Type VIIB submarines|U-boats commissioned in 1940|U-boats sunk in 1943|World War II submarines of Germany|World War II shipwrecks in the Mediterranean|1940 ships|Ships built in Bremen (state)|U-boats sunk by US warships|Maritime incidents in December 1943 |
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