| 词条 | Japanese cruiser Takao (1930) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
BackgroundThe Takao-class ships were approved under the 1927 to 1931 supplementary fiscal year budget, and like her sister ships, was named after a mountain. Mount Takao (高雄山) is located outside Kyoto and is not to be confused with the similar Mount Takao (高尾山) located outside Tokyo, or the city of Takao (高雄), in Taiwan. DesignThe Takao-class cruisers were an improved version of the previous {{sclass-|Myōkō|cruiser|0}} design, incorporating technical elements learned with the development of the experimental light cruiser {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Yūbari||2}}. They had a distinctive profile with a large, raked main smokestack, and a smaller, straight, second smokestack. Intended to address issues with the Myōkō class, the Takao class had thicker armor, dual-purpose main guns which could be used against aircraft, and torpedo launchers moved to the upper deck for greater safety. However, as with its predecessors, the Takao class was also top-heavy.[2] The Takao class displaced {{convert|16875|t|LT|abbr=on}}. Takao was {{convert|203.8|m|ft}} long, with a beam of {{convert|20.4|m|ft}}, draft of {{convert|6.32|m|ft}} and were capable of 35.25 knots.[2] Propulsion was by 12 Kampon boilers driving four sets of single-impulse geared turbine engines, with four shafts turning three-bladed propellers. The ship was armored with a {{convert|127|mm|in|abbr=on|0}} side belt, and {{convert|35|mm|in|abbr=on|0}} armored deck; the bridge was armored with {{convert|10|to|16|mm|in|abbr=on}} armored plates.[2] Takao’s main battery was ten 20 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval guns, the heaviest armament of any heavy cruiser in the world at the time, mounted in five twin turrets.[2] Her secondary armament included eight Type 10 12cm dual purpose guns in four twin mounts on each side, and 16 Type 90 torpedoes in four quadruple launchers. She was very deficient in anti-aircraft capability, with only two {{convert|40|mm|in|2|abbr=on}} anti-aircraft guns. Takao was repeatedly modernized and upgraded throughout her career in order to counter the growing threat of air strikes, and in her final configuration was armed with ten Type 3 20 cm naval guns, ten 20 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval guns (5x2), four Type 89 {{convert|12.7|cm|abbr=on|0}} dual purpose guns, (4x2), and 16 Type 93 Long Lance torpedoes in four quadruple launchers (plus 8 reloads). Anti-aircraft protection included 24 triple-mount and 12 twin-mount and 26 single-mount Type 96 25 mm AT/AA Guns and four {{convert|13.2|mm|in|abbr=on}} AA machine guns. Operational historyEarly operationsTakao was laid down at the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal on 28 April 1927, launched and named on 12 May 1930, and was commissioned into the Imperial Japanese Navy on 31 May 1932.[3] Although the first ship in her class to be laid down, Atago was actually completed two months earlier. All of the Takao class were assigned to the Yokosuka Naval District, forming Sentai-4 of the IJN 2nd Fleet, and trained as a unit during the 1930s. She was captained by Captain Chūichi Nagumo from November 1933 – 1934, Captain Eiji Gotō from November 1934 – 1935, Captain Takeo Takagi from December 1936 – 1937 and Captain Tadashige Daigo from December 1937 – 1938. During this time, issues with their stability and seaworthiness due to the top-heavy design became evident. Takao and Atago were rebuilt at the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal between 1938 and 1939, resulting in an improved design: the size of the bridge was reduced, the main mast was relocated aft, and hull bulges were added to improve stability. Maya and Chōkai were not modified as extensively, and can almost be considered a separate class.[2] After rebuilding was completed, Takao and Atago patrolled off the coast of China in 1940 and early 1941.[2] Pacific WarAt the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor, Takao was commanded by Captain Asakura Bunji and assigned to Vice Admiral Nobutake Kondō's Sentai-4 together with her three sister ships and provided gunfire support for the landings at Lingayen Gulf on Luzon in the Philippines. In February 1942, operating out of Palau, Takao was assigned to intercept shipping escaping from the Netherlands East Indies, sinking the Dutch freighter Toradja, British minesweeper {{HMS|Scott Harley}} and capturing the Dutch freighter Bintoehan on 1 March. On the same day, one of Takao{{'s}} floatplanes bombed the Dutch freighter Enggano. The next night, Takao and Atago overtook the old United States Navy destroyer {{USS|Pillsbury|DD-227|2}} and sank her with no survivors. Early on 4 March, Takao, Atago, Maya and the destroyers {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Arashi||2}} and {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Nowaki|1940|2}}, attacked a convoy near Tjilatjap. The Royal Australian Navy sloop {{HMAS|Yarra|U77|6}} defended the convoy for an hour and half, but was sunk. The Japanese cruisers then sank three ships from the convoy: the tanker Francol, the depot ship Anking, and Royal Navy Minesweeper-51. Two Dutch freighters, the 1030 ton Dutch freighter Duymaer van Twist and the 7089 ton freighter Tjisaroea were also captured. Takao Maya and Atago then returned to Yokosuka for a refit with additional anti-aircraft guns, arriving 18 March.[4] In April, she participated in the unsuccessful pursuit of the Doolittle raid task force. On 2 May, Takao assisted in rescue efforts for the seaplane carrier {{ship|Japanese seaplane carrier|Mizuho||2}}, which had been torpedoed by the US submarine {{USS|Drum|SS-228|6}} off of Omaezaki. Takao rescued 471 Crewmembers from the sinking ship .[4] In June 1942, Takao and Maya supported the invasion of the Aleutian Islands, protecting the convoy for Kiska and providing fire support for landings on Attu.[4] On 3 June 1942, their reconnaissance floatplanes were attacked by USAAF Curtiss P-40 fighters from Umnak and two were shot down; on 5 June, Takao shot down a B-17 Flying Fortress. Takao returned to Ōminato on 24 June.[4] In August 1942, Takao was assigned to "Operation Ka", the Japanese reinforcement during the Battle of Guadalcanal, departing Hashirajima with Atago and Maya on 11 August for Truk. The cruisers were in the Battle of the Eastern Solomons on 24 August from a distance, and did not see combat. However, during the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands on 26 October, all three cruisers (together with {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Myōkō||2}} and {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Haguro||2}} participated in night combat operations resulting in the sinking of the American aircraft carrier {{USS|Hornet|CV-8|6}}.[2] This was followed by a determined attempt to shell the US base at Henderson Field leading to the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal: early in the morning of 15 November 1942, the battleship {{ship|Japanese battleship|Kirishima||2}}, supported by Takao and Atago, engaged the American battleships {{USS|Washington|BB-56|2}} and {{USS|South Dakota|BB-57|2}}. All three Japanese ships hit South Dakota multiple times with shells, knocking out her radar and fire controls. Takao and Atago fired Long Lance torpedoes at Washington but missed. However, Kirishima was quickly disabled by Washington and sank a few hours later. Atago was damaged. Takao escaped unharmed, but was forced to retreat to Truk, and from there went back to Kure Naval Arsenal for repairs at the end of November, returning to Truk by the end of December.[4] In early 1943, Takao supported evacuation of Guadalcanal. The force consisted of the carriers {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Zuikaku||2}}, {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Zuihō||2}} and {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Jun'yō||2}}, the battleships {{ship|Japanese battleship|Kongō||2}} and {{ship|Japanese battleship|Haruna||2}}, heavy cruisers Atago, Takao, Myōkō and Haguro, the light cruisers Nagara and {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Agano||2}}, and 11 destroyers. The Japanese transports were successful in evacuating 11,700 troops from the island. Under the command of Inoguchi Toshihira, Takao operated in the central Pacific from her base at Truk. She returned to Yokosuka Naval Arsenal on 26 July for the installation of additional anti-aircraft guns. After returning to Truk on 23 August, she continued on to Rabaul on 27 August, disembarking army troops and supplies. In response to American carrier aircraft raiding in the Gilbert Islands, Takao sortied with Vice Admiral Jisaburō Ozawa's fleet to engage the American carriers. The fleet consisted of the aircraft carriers {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Shōkaku||2}}, Zuikaku and Zuihō, the battleships {{ship|Japanese battleship|Yamato||2}} and {{ship|Japanese battleship|Nagato||2}}, heavy cruisers Myōkō, Haguro, {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Tone|1937|2}}, {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Chikuma|1938|2}}, {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Mogami|1934|2}}, Atago, Takao, Chōkai and Maya, the light cruiser Agano and fifteen destroyers. Despite extensive searches, this force failed to make contact with the American striking force and returned to Truk.[4] On 5 November 1943, she was refueling at Rabaul when she came under attack by SBD Dauntless dive bombers from {{USS|Saratoga|CV-3|6}} (see Attack on Rabaul). Takao was hit by two bombs, killing 23 crewmen and damaging her steering; she was forced to return to Yokosuka for dry dock repairs. During the repair work, additional anti-aircraft guns were fitted, as was a Type 21 radar. Repairs were not complete until 18 January 1944.[2] Takao was assigned to Vice Admiral Jisaburō Ozawa’s First Mobile Fleet based at Palau from 1 March, and was stationed at Davao in the southern Philippines from 1 April. She was attacked by the submarine {{USS|Dace|SS-247|6}} on 6 April, but all of her torpedoes missed. On 13 June, during the Battle of the Philippine Sea, Takao was part of Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita’s Mobile Force Vanguard, deployed from Tawi Tawi in an attempt to force the American 5th Fleet into a "decisive battle" off of Saipan. In what came to be called the "Great Mariana's Turkey Shoot", Japanese aircraft attacking US Task Force 58 off of Saipan suffered overwhelming losses.[4] On 26 June Takao was again at Kure Naval Arsenal, where yet more anti-aircraft guns were installed, as well as a Type 13 air-search radar.[4]Takao returned to Singapore in mid-July and conducted operations in the vicinity of Singapore and Brunei until mid-October. On 22 October, Takao was assigned to Admiral Kurita's "Centre Force" for the Battle of Leyte Gulf. In the predawn hours of the following day, 23 October, during the Battle of Palawan Passage, as Takao was passing Palawan Island she was hit by two torpedoes from {{USS|Darter|SS-227|6}}, which shattered two shafts, broke her fantail and flooded three boiler rooms. Atago and Maya were both sunk in the same engagement. Chōkai was lost a few days later at the Battle off Samar, leaving Takao as the sole survivor of her class. Takao limped back to Brunei, escorted by the destroyers {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Naganami||2}} and {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Asashimo||2}}, the torpedo boat Hiyodori and the transport Mitsu Maru, and on to Singapore by 12 November.[4] At Singapore, Takao was assessed as so badly damaged that it was considered impossible to send her back to Japan any time soon for full repairs. She was therefore moored next to the hulk of Myōkō, the latter crippled at the Battle of the Sibuyan Sea and then further damaged by a submarine-launched torpedo, where both cruisers served as floating anti-aircraft batteries for the defense of Seletar Naval Base.[4]Not knowing that neither Japanese heavy cruiser was seaworthy, the Royal Navy launched (Operation Struggle) on 31 July 1945 using the midget submarine {{HMS|XE3}}, commanded by Lieutenant Ian Edward Fraser and Acting Leading Seaman James Joseph Magennis to try to sink both vessels. Magennis attached six limpet mines to Takao{{'}}s hull using an improvised piece of rope (the hull was covered with a thick layer of seaweed, and the magnets of the limpet mines would not hold them on the hull[5]); when the mines exploded, they blew a hole {{convert|20|by|10|m}}. The blast disabled some gun turrets, destroyed her rangefinders and flooded a number of compartments, but did not sink the ship. Fraser and Magennis were awarded the Victoria Cross. It was discovered after the end of the war that Takao was manned by a skeleton crew and had no ammunition aboard for her 8-inch main armament.[4] Japanese forces surrendered Selatar Naval Base to the British on 21 September 1945. On 27 October, Takao was towed to the Strait of Malacca. Takao was sunk as a target ship for the cruiser {{HMS|Newfoundland|59|6}} on 19 October 1946 at {{coord|03|05|05|N|100|41|00|E |type:event_dim:300000 |display=inline,title}}.[3] She was formally removed from the navy list on 3 May 1947. Commanding OfficerChief Equipping Officer
Captain
ReferencesNotes1. ^{{cite book | last = Jentsura | first = Hansgeorg | year = 1976 | title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869-1945 | publisher = Naval Institute Press | isbn = 0-87021-893-X }} page 84 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Patton, Japanese Heavy Cruisers of World War Two, pp. 36-48 3. ^1 Nishida, Ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{cite web|last=Parshall|first=Jonathan|title= IJN TAKAO: Tabular Record of Movement (Combinedfleet.com)| work=www.combinedfleet.com|accessdate=}} 5. ^From "Marine Salvage" by Joseph N. Gores, first published by David and Charles (Publishers) Ltd, London, 1972. 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 {{dead link|date=June 2018}} Books
External links{{commons category|Takao (ship, 1932)}}
7 : Takao-class cruisers|Ships built in Japan|1930 ships|World War II cruisers of Japan|World War II shipwrecks in the Strait of Malacca|Ships sunk as targets|Maritime incidents in 1946 |
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