词条 | Gopala Tapani Upanishad | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
| image = Radhakrishna Darshan at Vrundavan.JPG | caption = Radha and Krishna | alt = | name = Gopalatapani | Devanagari = गोपालतापिन्युपनिषत् | Sanskrit_transliteration = Gopālatāpanī | meaning = Surrender to Krishna | composition_date = 3000 BC | type = Vaishnava | Veda = Atharvaveda | chapters = 9{{Sfn|Hattangadi|2000}} | verses = | philosophy = | commentary = | verse = }}{{Vaishnavism}} {{IAST|Gopāla-tāpanī}} Upanishad is a Sanskrit text, and 1 of the most important Upanishad attached to the Atharvaveda.{{Sfn|Farquhar|1920|p=266}}{{Sfn|Tinoco|1997|p=88}} The Gopāla-tāpanī is one of the four Tāpinī Upanishads (Nṛsiṁha, Rāma, Tripurā and Gopāla).{{Sfn|Tinoco|1997|p=88}} The central character of the text is Radha who is described as the Shakti of Krishna,{{Sfn|Tripurari|2004|pp=3-9, 152-154}} her devotion and discussion of Gopala Krishna.{{Sfn|Farquhar|1920|pp=237-238}} Gopala Krishna is presented as the Supreme Personality of Godhead & the Supreme Ultimate Absolute Reality, the sat-cit-ananda, the Guru, the Om and the object of Vedanta, who can be reached by devotion to love.{{Sfn|Tripurari|2004|pp=xi-xii, 3-9, 39-40, 65-67, 110-111}} It is an important text to the Vaiṣṇava schools of Hinduism, particularly the Gaudiya Vaishnavas of Bengal region of South Asia.{{Sfn|Tripurari|2004|pp=xi-xiii}} The text is listed as 95th in the Telugu language Muktika anthology of 108 Upanishads.{{Sfn|Deussen| Bedekar | Palsule (tr.)|1997|pp=556-557}} DateFarquhar dates it to have been composed after Nṛsiṁha-tāpanī Upanishad, which he estimates to be complete by the 7th century.{{Sfn|Farquhar|1920|p=266}} He states that the first of the Tāpanīya Upanishads is believed to be the Nṛsiṁha, which served as the model for the others which took this name.{{Sfn|Farquhar|1920|p=266}} The Gopalatapani text was extensively commented by the 16th-century scholar Jiva Goswami placing the two limits on its composition century.{{Sfn|Tripurari|2004|pp=3-4, 8-11 with footnotes}} The 14th-century scholar Vidyaranya commented on Tapani series of Upanishad, so it is possible the text existed by then.{{Sfn|Farquhar|1920|p=266}} The meaning of the series name{{Quote box|quote ={{large|ॐ}} The wise and enlightened sages declare that the pleasure potency of God, Sri Radha, and all living beings are also contained in Om. |source = —Gopalatapani Upanishad, II.56[1] |width = 25% | bgcolor=#FFE0BB |align = right }} The Sanskrit word tāpanīya in the context of these Upanishads is not clear. The word is found in four different forms: {{IAST|tapanīya, tāpanīya, tāpinī, tāpanī.}} Tāpanī is the most common form used in titles and references, but this appears to be an abbreviated form of the more correct tāpanīya, which appears in the texts themselves. According to Monier-Williams verdict we should assume tāpanīya ("gold") to be the name of a school of the Vājaseyani Saṁhitā that produced the four Upanishads bearing this name. This assumes that they come from a common source something disputed by others, who believe that the three other works were written on the model of the {{IAST|Nṛsiṁha-tāpanī}} as a result of the success enjoyed by that work in bringing legitimation a particular ancient tradition containing Nṛsiṁha mantra.[2] Deussen reads tapanīya,[2] which means "that which must be heated" or "gold". It also has the meaning of "self-mortification". The process of self-purification is often compared to smelting gold, which is heated repeatedly in fire to remove any impurities. Deussen thus explains the term is as follows: "Tapanam (austerity) is burning pain-suffering or ascetic self-sacrifice; Nṛsiṁha-tapanam thus means ascetic self-surrender to Nṛsiṁha. Therefore Nṛsiṁha-tapanīya Upanishad is "the doctrine concerning the ascetic surrender to Nṛsiṁha."[2] Early commentaries{{Quote box|quote =Narayana I am imperishable. I am omkara that never grows old, dies or knows fear. I am immortal. I am verily the fearless Brahman. Therefore I am liberated and indestructible. Brahman is pure existence, the universal form and light. He is all pervasive, and one without a second, but through māyā he becomes fourfold. |source = —Gopalatapani Upanishad V.52-V.53{{Sfn|Tripurari|2004|pp=154-155}} |width = 34% | bgcolor=#FFE0BB |align = right }}
Early books quoted inVerses as reference: used in Krishna Sandarbha by Jiva Goswami Verses as reference: used in Hari Bhakti Vilasa by Gopala Bhatta Goswami Recent editions and commentaries
Concordance of different editions and commentaries
'Uttara
References1. ^Steven Rosen (2006), Essential Hinduism, Praeger, {{ISBN|978-0275990060}}, page 218 2. ^1 2 {{Cite book | author = Deussen, P. | year = 1980 | title = Sixty Upanishads of The Veda, trans | publisher = VM Bedekar and GB Palsule. Delhi | isbn = 0-8426-1645-4}}Vol II, pp. 809-888. He has translated the Rāma Pūrva and Uttara-tāpinī and the Nṛsiṁha Pūrva and Uttara-tāpinī Upanishads. 3. ^Tripurari, Prabodhānanda Sarasvatī: From Benares to Braj" in the Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. Vol LV, Part 1, 1992, pages 52-75 4. ^Kṛṣṇadāsa Bābājī, Kusumasarovara, Radha Kund: Gaurahari Press, 1955 Bibliography
Further reading
2 : Upanishads|Sanskrit texts |
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