| 词条 | Jean-Antoine Nollet |
| 释义 |
| known_for = Discovery of osmosis | name = Jean-Antoine Nollet | image = Jean-Antoine Nollet.jpg | birth_date = {{Birth date|1700|11|19|df=yes}} | birth_place = Pimprez, Kingdom of France | death_date = {{Death date and age|1770|4|25|1700|11|19|df=yes}} | death_place = Paris, Kingdom of France }} Jean-Antoine Nollet (19 November 1700 – 25 April 1770) was a French clergyman and physicist. As a priest, he was also known as Abbé Nollet. BiographyNollet studied humanities at the Collège de Clermont in Beauvais, starting in 1715. He completed a master's degree in the Faculty of Theology at the University of Paris in 1724. He was consecreated as a deacon in the Roman Catholic church in 1728, but abandoned his clerical career in the same year.[1] However he used the title of Abbé throughout his life. Nollet was particularly interested in the new science of electricity. He joined the Société des Arts in 1728, an association which was reestablished from a previous version which ended in 1723. Formed under the patronage of Comte de Clermont, the Société focused on applying natural philosophy to practical arts.[1] This association gave Nollet the opportunity to come into contact with important natural philosophers.[2] In particular, it is likely that he came into contact with Du Fay and Réaumur, two leading members of the Royal Academy of Sciences. Nollet assisted them with experiments in a wide variety of topics (e.g., anatomy of insects, fertilization of frogs, thermometry, pneumatics, phosphorescence, magnetism, and electricity) from about 1731 to 1735.[3] In the period from 1731-1733, Nollet assisted Du Fay, especially with electrical experiments, and travelled with du Fay in 1734 to meet physicists in England and in 1736 to the Netherlands.[4] He was a member of the Royal Society of London from 1734. He is reputed to have given the name to the Leyden jar after it was invented by Pieter van Musschenbroek. To finance his own experimental instruments, Nollet started building and selling duplicate instruments in 1735.[5] From at least 1743, the Royal Academy of Sciences identified Nollet as the person who was particularly in charge of research about electricity.[6] In 1753 he became the first professor of experimental physics in France, at the collège de Navarre, University of Paris.[7][9] In 1762, he was named director of the Royal Academy of Sciences.[8] Nollet held lectures aimed to popularise physics with the use of instruments. These lectures, collected together and published as Leçons de physique expérimentale and L’Art des expériences, continued to inspire self-taught scientists through the 19th century.[9] Scientific workOne of many experimental demonstrations of static electricity which he carried out was the "Electric boy", in which a young man was suspended from the ceiling using insulating silk cords, and electrified, causing his body to accumulate charge. Objects were attracted to him, and close proximity of another person could lead to sparks.[10] In 1746 Nollet gathered about two hundred monks into a circle about a mile (1.6 km) in circumference, with pieces of iron wire connecting them. He then discharged a battery of Leyden jars through the human chain and observed that each man reacted at substantially the same time to the electric shock, showing that the speed of electricity's propagation was very high.[11] In 1748 he discovered the phenomenon of osmosis in natural membranes. In the same year, he also invented an electroscope[12] In 1750 Nollet was the first to report a phenomenon that is known today as electrostatic spraying.[13] He noted that water flowing from a vessel would aerosolize if the vessel was electrified and placed near electrical ground. He also noted that similarly “a person, electrified by connection to a high-voltage generator, would not bleed normally if he were to cut himself; blood would spray from the wound.” Writings
[https://archive.org/details/recherchessurle00nollgoog Nouvelle Édition], 1754, Paris.
See also
References1. ^{{cite web|last1=Courcelle|first1=Olivier|title=Société des arts |url=http://www.clairaut.com/sa.html |website=Chronologie de la vie de Clairaut (1713-1765) |accessdate=27 April 2018}} 2. ^{{cite book|last=Schiffer|first=Michael Brian|title=Draw the Lightning Down: Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Technology in the Age of Enlightenment|year=2003|publisher=Univ. of California Press|isbn=0-520-24829-5|url=https://books.google.com/?id=QQuk6bH2apcC&pg=PA37|pages=37-38}} 3. ^1 {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Heilbron |first1=John L.| date=1974| page=145 | location=New York| title=Nollet, Jean-Antoine|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofscie10gill/page/144 |work= Dictionary of Scientific Biography |editor-last1=Gillespie | editor-first1 = C. C. | publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|accessdate=27 April 2018}} 4. ^{{cite thesis|last1=Maluf|first1=Rahmez Bahige|title=Jean Antoine Nollet and experimental natural philosophy in eighteenth-century France|date=1985|type=doctoral dissertation |publisher=University of Okahoma|page=119}} 5. ^{{cite encyclopedia|title=Nollet, Jean-Antoine|edition=2nd | date=2000 | publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |work=Concise dictionary of scientific biography |page=652| url=https://archive.org/stream/concisedictionar00#page/652/mode/2up}} 6. ^{{cite encyclopedia|title=Expériences sur l'Électricité|journal=Histoires de l' Académie Royale des Sciences De l'Année 1743|date=1746|location=Paris|publisher=L'Imprimerie Royale | language=fr | page=45|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22532#page/61/mode/1up}} 7. ^{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=POa9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA78| title=Laura Bassi and Science in 18th Century Europe: The Extraordinary Life and Role of Italy's Pioneering Female Professor | publisher=Springer | first=Monique | last=Frize | year=2013 | isbn=9783642386855 | page=78 | accessdate=23 April 2018 }} 8. ^1 {{cite book|editor-last1=Charbonneau|editor-first1=Frédéric|title=L'art d'écrire la science: anthologie de textes savants du XVIIIe siècle français |date=2005 |publisher=Les Presses de l'Université Laval |location=Quebec |page=66|url=https://books.google.dk/books?id=Xu9bszO0Bf8C&pg=PA66 |isbn=9782763782089}} 9. ^{{Cite encyclopedia | last = Schlager | first = Neil |year = 2000 | title = Biographical mentions | url = https://archive.org/stream/B-001-002-830/Gale%20-%20Science%20and%20Its%20Times%20Vol%2004%20%281700%20to%201799%29#page/n383/mode/2up/ | work = Science and Its Times. Vol. 4 1700-1799 | editor1-last = Schlager | editor1-first = Neil | editor2-last = Lauer | editor2-first = Josh | pages=367; 371 | access-date = 2018-04-30}} 10. ^{{cite book|last1=Lynn|first1=Michael R.|title=Popular science and public opinion in eighteenth-century France|date=2006|publisher=Manchester Univ. Press|location=Manchester|isbn=978-0719073731|page=31|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lLBGTD5iZ9EC&pg=PA31|accessdate=31 October 2017}} 11. ^{{Cite book|title = The Handy Physics Answer Book|last = Gundersen|first = P. Erik|publisher = Visible Ink Press|year = October 1998|isbn = 978-1578590582|location = |pages = 233|url = https://books.google.ca/books?id=qGTkgFZBJZQC&pg=PT554&lpg=PT554&dq=Jean-Antoine+Nollet+speed+of+electricity&source=bl&ots=e2GAZ2-3qr&sig=D_JkAOUe-FFPUI5g-2XTJW0rciI&hl=fr&sa=X&ei=--ToVJ7sEIvBgwTemYDwDg&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=nollet&f=false}} 12. ^{{cite encyclopedia|editor=Bard A. |editor2=Inzelt G. |editor3=Scholz F.|page=626| work=Electrochemical Dictionary|date=2008|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783540745976| title=Nollet, Jean-Antoine|url=https://books.google.dk/books?id=sOTEs76vAFkC&pg=PA626 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-74598-3_14}} 13. ^{{cite journal|title=Applying Inverse Electrostatic Spraying | journal=Oak Ridge National Laboratory Review | date=1996| volume=29| issue=1&2| page=34|url=https://books.google.dk/books?id=i_zLdWLLY2gC&pg=PA34 ||accessdate=27 April 2018}} External links
8 : 1700 births|1770 deaths|French physicists|French abbots|University of Paris faculty|Members of the French Academy of Sciences|Fellows of the Royal Society|Catholic clergy scientists |
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