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词条 Alfred Sant
释义

  1. Education

  2. Career

  3. Politics

     Prime Minister between 1996-98  2003 Referendum and election  2008 general election  2014 European Parliament election 

  4. Literary works and journalism

      Plays    Short story collections    Novels    Non-fiction works    Other writings  

  5. Honours

     National honours 

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. External links

{{Infobox Politician
| honorific-prefix = The Honourable[1][2]
| name = Alfred Sant
| honorific-suffix = KUOM MEP[3]
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1948|2|28|df=y}}[4]
| birth_place = Pietà, British Malta[5]
| residence = Birkirkara, Malta[6]
| order1 = 11th Prime Minister of Malta[7]
| term_start1 = 28 October 1996
| term_end1 = 6 September 1998[8]
| president1 = Ugo Mifsud Bonnici[9]
| predecessor1 = Eddie Fenech Adami
| successor1 = Eddie Fenech Adami
| office2 = Member of the European Parliament[10]
| term_start2 = 1 July 2014
| party = Labour[11]
|alma_mater= University of Malta
École Nationale d'Administration
Boston University Graduate School of Management
Harvard University
| website = {{url|alfredsant.eu}}
}}

Alfred Sant (born 28 February 1948) is a Maltese politician and a novelist. He led the Labour Party from 1992 to 2008 and served as Prime Minister of Malta between 1996 and 1998 and as Leader of the Opposition from 1992 to 1996 and from 1998 to 2008.

Education

Sant graduated from the University of Malta as Bachelor of Science in Physics and Mathematics in 1967 and as Master of Science in Physics in the following year. He studied public administration in 1970 at Institut International d'Administration Publique at the École Nationale d'Administration (ENA) in Paris and completed Master of Business Management (with honors) from Boston University Graduate School of Management (specialising in international business and business policy) and a Doctor of Business Administration from Harvard University.

Career

Sant served as Second, and then First Secretary at the Malta Mission to the European Communities in Brussels between 1970 and 1975 when he resigned to undertake full-time studies in the USA. Between 1977 and 1978 on his return to Malta Sant served as advisor on general and financial management at the Ministry of Parastatal and People's Industries and between 1978 and 1980 he served as the Managing Director of Medina Consulting Group. Sant returned to the public sector in 1980 as Executive Deputy Chairman with the Malta Development Corporation.

Politics

Sant's first political post with the Labour Party was as chairman of its Department of Information (1982–92). During this time he also served as President of the Party (1984–88). He served a stint as the editor of the Party weekly Il-Ħelsien (1987–88). Sant first stood for election in 1987; although he was unsuccessful, he was co-opted to Parliament later that year. In 1992, following the resignation of Carmelo Mifsud Bonnici, he was elected as Party leader.

Prime Minister between 1996-98

The Labour Party (PL) won the October 1996 elections under Sant who successfully campaigned for the removal of the Value Added Tax (VAT) that had been introduced in 1995. A year after taking office the PL under Sant replaced VAT by a similar indirect tax, the Customs and Excise Tax (CET). Sant's tenure as Prime Minister lasted only 22 months. Enjoying only a one-seat majority the Government was vulnerable to threats from former Prime Minister and Labour leader Dom Mintoff. Things came to a head in the summer of 1998 when a row with Mintoff over a coastal concession to a private company resulted in Government being defeated the motion transferring the land. Sant felt that, in the circumstances, the government's parliamentary majority was compromised and asked the President to dissolve the House. In the subsequent elections held in September 1998 the Labour Party was defeated and returned into opposition. {{Citation needed|date=August 2012}}

2003 Referendum and election

Sant campaigned heavily against Malta's European Union membership. During the run-up to the March 2003 referendum, Sant was also critical of what he called a "sham referendum" insisting that a general election alone would settle the EU membership issue. He called on Labour supporters to either vote No, abstain or invalidate their vote. He himself abstained. If one can give an explanation to his abstaining, the most reasonable one is that he was 50% against EU Membership and 50% in favour. Consequently, 50% in favour and 50% against his "Partnership" option. The Yes side won the referendum by a 54% to 46% margin but Sant claimed to have won the referendum as the Yes vote was less than half of registered voters. In view of the lack of consensus on the interpretation of the result, Prime Minister Eddie Fenech Adami asked the President to dissolve Parliament and call fresh elections. These were held in April 2003 and the Labour Party was again defeated at the polls. {{Citation needed|date=August 2012}}

Sant tendered his resignation as party leader. He did, however, stand for election for Party leader again which was contested by two other candidates for the post, John Attard Montalto and Angelo Farrugia. Sant was re-elected party leader with 66% of votes cast by Labour Party delegates and returned to lead the Party.

2008 general election

The Labour Party, spearheaded by Sant, presented a new programme Pjan għal bidu ġdid (Plan for a new beginning) and called for Bżonn ta' Bidla (The need for a Change) after the 20 years (save for his brief stint from 1996 to 1998) of Nationalist government. The electoral-programme contained references to overhauls in the educational system (which proved to be extremely controversial), reduction of an electricity surcharge by half and tax holidays on overtime work. {{Citation needed|date=August 2012}}

Sant was defeated for the third consecutive time, this time by Lawrence Gonzi (Partit Nazzjonalista) in the 2008 general election. This election was lost by the PL on a slim margin of 1580 votes. Following the loss of the election, Sant resigned as leader of the Labour Party on 10 March 2008, and as Leader of the Opposition on 5 June 2008; he was succeeded as PL leader by Joseph Muscat and as Leader of the Opposition by Charles Mangion. Sant retained his Parliamentary seat.

2014 European Parliament election

Sant announced that he would stand as a Labour Party candidate in the 2014 European Parliament election, even though some years prior he tried to convince the nation that it was not in the country's interest to join the European Union.[12] He received 48,739 votes, which elected him outright, acquiring more votes than any than any other candidate.[13]

Literary works and journalism

Sant is an established novelist, short story writer and playwright. His published works include plays,short stories, novels, and non-fiction.

Plays

  • Min Hu Evelyn Costa? (1979)[14]
  • Fid-Dell tal-Katidral (1994)[15]
  • Qabel Tiftaħ l-Inkjesta (1999)[16]

Short story collections

  • Kwart ta' Mija (1995)[17]
  • Pupu fil-Baħar (2009)[18]

Novels

  • L-Ewwel Weraq tal-Bajtar (1968)[19]
  • Bejgħ u Xiri (1981)[20]
  • Silġ fuq Kemmuna (1982)[21]
  • La Bidu, La Tmiem (2001)[22]
  • L-Għalqa tal-Iskarjota (2009)[23]
  • George Bush f'Malta (2013)[24]

Non-fiction works

  • Collection of political essays, L-Impenn għall-Bidla (1986)[25]
  • Chronicle (political), It-28 ta' April 1958 (1988)[26]
  • Malta's European Challenge (1995)[27]
  • Confessions of a European Maltese (2003 autobiography)[28]
  • Is-Soċjaliżmu fi Żminijietna (2004)[29]

Other writings

Sant edited Tomorrow, a monthly English-language magazine (1982–1985), and of Society, a quarterly opinion magazine, apart from authoring numerous articles. Sant also contributed regularly to the General Workers' Union's Sunday Maltese-language newspaper It-Torċa until March 2008.[30][25][31][32]

Honours

National honours

  • {{Flag|Malta}} : Companion of Honour of the National Order of Merit (1996) by right as a Prime Minister of Malta[33]

See also

  • Prime Minister of Malta
  • List of Prime Ministers of Malta
  • Frans Sammut (2008): Alfred Sant: Il-Vizjoni ghall-Bidla

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com.mt/books?id=oqGM9Azr4bAC&pg=PA367&dq=honourable+alfred+sant&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCYQ6AEwA2oVChMIzbjh6fSPxwIVif2ACh0_0wsZ#v=onepage&q=honourable%20alfred%20sant&f=false |title=Western Europe 2012 31ed |author=Wayne C. Thompson |page=367 |website=Books.google.com.mt |date= |accessdate=2016-02-16}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://mt.china-embassy.org/eng/zmgx/t322158.htm |title=Chinese Ambassador to Malta Mr. Chai Xi pays a courtesy call on the Honourable Dr. Alfred Sant, the Leader of the Malta Labour Party |website=Mt.china-embassy.org |date=2007-05-22 |accessdate=2016-02-16}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/124781/ALFRED_SANT_home.html |title=Alfred SANT |website=Europarl.europa.eu |date=1948-02-28 |accessdate=2016-02-16}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/124781/ALFRED_SANT_declarations.html |title=Alfred SANT |website=Europarl.europa.eu |date=1948-02-28 |accessdate=2016-02-16}}
5. ^{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2013-07-29/news/i-have-a-lot-left-to-contribute-alfred-sant-2192900096/ |title='I have a lot left to contribute' - Alfred Sant - The Malta Independent |website=Independent.com.mt |date=2013-07-29 |accessdate=2016-02-16}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.islandofgozo.org/town?town_id=49&town=Birkirkara |title=Birkirkara |website=Islandofgozo.org |date=1999-02-11 |accessdate=2016-02-16}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.mt/en/Government/Government%20of%20Malta/Prime%20Ministers%20of%20Malta/Pages/Prime%20Ministers%20of%20Malta.aspx |title=Prime Ministers of Malta |website=Gov.mt |date= |accessdate=2016-02-16}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com.mt/books?id=nwuUOVkaMB0C&pg=PA191&dq=alfred+sant+was+prime+minister+1996-1998&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAGoVChMIut246OiPxwIVge2ACh3m7AuP#v=onepage&q=alfred%20sant%20was%20prime%20minister%201996-1998&f=false |title=Historical Dictionary of Malta |author1=Uwe Jens Rudolf |author2=Warren G. Berg |page=19 |website=Books.google.com.mt |date=2010-04-27 |accessdate=2016-02-16}}
9. ^{{cite web |author= |url=http://maltarightnow.com/news/2015/03/25/il-president-emeritus-ugo-mifsud-bonnici-il-mistieden-ta-iswed-fuq-l-abjad-tal-lejla/ |title=Il-President Emeritus Ugo Mifsud Bonnici il-mistieden ta' "Iswed fuq l-Abjad" tal-lejla - |website=Maltarightnow.com |date=2015-03-25 |accessdate=2016-02-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925170053/http://maltarightnow.com/news/2015/03/25/il-president-emeritus-ugo-mifsud-bonnici-il-mistieden-ta-iswed-fuq-l-abjad-tal-lejla/ |archivedate=2015-09-25 |df= }}
10. ^{{cite web|author= |url=http://gozomedia.com/15803/alfred-sant-elected-as-mep-in-the-first-vote-with-48739-votes/ |title=Alfred Sant elected as MEP in the first vote with 48,739 votes » Gozo Media Services |website=Gozomedia.com |date= |accessdate=2016-02-16}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com.mt/books?id=hafLHZgZtt4C&pg=PA859&dq=alfred+sant+labour+leader&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCcQ6wEwAmoVChMI9M3Ov-SPxwIVBc6ACh1ThABd#v=onepage&q=alfred%20sant%20labour%20leader&f=false |title=Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia |page=859|website=Books.google.com.mt |date= |accessdate=2016-02-16}}
12. ^{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20121122/local/alfred-sant-to-contest-mep-elections.446476 |title=Alfred Sant to contest MEP elections - PN reacts |website=Timesofmalta.com |date= |accessdate=2016-02-16}}
13. ^{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20140526/local/first-count-votes-alfred-sant-only-candidate-elected-outright.520573 |title=First count votes - Alfred Sant only candidate elected outright |website=Timesofmalta.com |date= |accessdate=2016-02-16}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com.mt/books/about/Min_hu_Evelyn_Costa.html?id=eWU4NAAACAAJ |title=Min hu Evelyn Costa?: u drammi ohra |author=Alfred Sant |website=Books.google.com.mt |date= |accessdate=2016-02-16}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bdlbooks.com/drama/1359-fid-dell-tal-katidral-u-drammi-ohra.html |title=Fid-Dell tal-Katidral u drammi ohra | Drama | |website=Bdlbooks.com |date= |accessdate=2016-02-16}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bdlbooks.com/drama/3009-qabel-tiftah-l-inkjesta-u-drammi-ohra.html |title=Qabel Tiftah l-Inkjesta u drammi ohra | Drama | |website=Bdlbooks.com |date= |accessdate=2016-02-16}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.worldcat.org/title/kwart-ta-mija-rakkonti-migbura/oclc/469363318?referer=di&ht=edition |title=Kwart ta' mija : rakkonti miġbura (Book, 1995) |website=WorldCat.org |date=1999-02-22 |accessdate=2016-02-16}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://maltaonlinebookshop.com/product/pupu-fil-bahar/ |title=Pupu Fil-Bahar |publisher=Malta Online Bookshop |date= |accessdate=2016-02-16}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bdlbooks.com/novels-and-romance-fiction/1357-l-ewwel-weraq-tal-bajtar.html?pop=0 |title=L-Ewwel Weraq Tal-Bajtar | Novels and Romance (Fiction) | |website=Bdlbooks.com |date= |accessdate=2016-02-16}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bdlbooks.com/novels-and-romance-fiction/2925-bejgh-u-xiri.html |title=Bejgħ u xiri | Novels and Romance (Fiction) | |website=Bdlbooks.com |date= |accessdate=2016-02-16}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bdlbooks.com/novels-and-romance-fiction/804-silg-fuq-kemmuna.html |title=Silġ fuq Kemmuna | |website=Bdlbooks.com |date= |accessdate=2016-02-16}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bdlbooks.com/novels-and-romance-fiction/5093-la-bidu-la-tmiem-1599.html |title=La Bidu La Tmiem 1599 | Novels and Romance (Fiction) | |website=Bdlbooks.com |date= |accessdate=2016-02-16}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bdlbooks.com/novels-and-romance-fiction/2924-l-ghalqa-tal-iskarjota.html |title=L-Għalqa tal-Iskarjota | Novels and Romance (Fiction) | |website=Bdlbooks.com |date= |accessdate=2016-02-16}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bdlbooks.com/novels-and-romance-fiction/4322-george-bush-f-malta.html |title=George Bush F'Malta | |website=Bdlbooks.com |date= |accessdate=2016-02-16}}
25. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.oocities.org/hollywood/Set/9827/sant.html |title=Dr. Alfred Sant |website=Oocities.org |date=1948-02-28 |accessdate=2016-02-16}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.belgraviaauctions.com/www/p02.htm |title=Belgravia02 |website=Belgraviaauctions.com |date= |accessdate=2016-02-16}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com.mt/books?id=NiNRHQAACAAJ&dq=malta's+european+challenge+sant&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CBoQ6AEwAGoVChMInJTZisyQxwIVi6HbCh295w-y |title=Malta's European Challenge |author=Alfred Sant |website=Books.google.com.mt |date= |accessdate=2016-02-16}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com.mt/books?id=FMvfAQAACAAJ&dq=collection+of+political+essays,+l-impenn+ghal+bidla+sant&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAWoVChMI5qyKvMyQxwIVQwbbCh3LlQmY |title=Confessions of a European Maltese |author=Alfred Sant |website=Books.google.com.mt |date= |accessdate=2016-02-16}}
29. ^{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2009-06-08/news/alfred-sant-the-author-226041/ |title=Alfred Sant: The Author - The Malta Independent |website=Independent.com.mt |date=2009-06-08 |accessdate=2016-02-16}}
30. ^{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2008-03-11/news/sants-political-career-comes-to-an-end-after-26-years-204922/ |title=Sant’s Political career comes to an end after 26 years - The Malta Independent |website=Independent.com.mt |date=2008-03-11 |accessdate=2016-02-16}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.alfredsant.eu/about |title=Alfred Sant | About |website=Alfredsant.eu |date= |accessdate=2016-02-16}}
32. ^{{cite web |author= |url=http://collegessurvival.com/alfred-sant-literary-works-and-journalism/ |title=Alfred Sant – Literary works and journalism |publisher=Colleges Survival |date=2015-08-08 |accessdate=2016-02-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131021910/http://collegessurvival.com/alfred-sant-literary-works-and-journalism/ |archivedate=2016-01-31 |df= }}
33. ^{{cite web|url=https://opm.gov.mt/en/Documents/Past%20recipients%20of%20honours%20or%20awards.pdf |format=PDF |title=PAST RECIPIENTS OF MALTESE HONOURS AND AWARDS AND DATE OF CONFERMENT : THE NATIONAL ORDER OF MERIT |website=Opm.gov.mt |accessdate=2016-02-16}}
{{s-start}}{{s-off}}{{succession box |

title=Prime Minister of Malta|years=1996–1998 |

before=Eddie Fenech Adami |

after=Eddie Fenech Adami}}

{{s-ppo}}{{succession box |

title=Leader of the Labour Party |

years=1992–2008 |

before=Carmelo Bonnici |

after= Joseph Muscat}}

{{s-end}}{{MaltesePMs}}{{Authority control}}

External links

  • {{url|www.alfredsant.eu}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sant, Alfred}}

16 : 1948 births|École nationale d'administration alumni|Alumni of the University of Malta|Boston University School of Management alumni|Harvard Business School alumni|Living people|Members of the House of Representatives of Malta|Maltese male writers|Prime Ministers of Malta|Labour Party (Malta) politicians|People from Pietà, Malta|People from Birkirkara|Companions of Honour of the National Order of Merit (Malta)|MEPs for Malta 2014–19|Leaders of political parties in Malta|Critics of the European Union
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