| 词条 | John Hicks |
| 释义 |
| name = Sir John Hicks | school_tradition = Neo-Keynesian economics | image =John Hicks 1972.jpg | image_size = | caption = Hicks in 1972 |birth_name=John Richard Hicks | birth_date = {{Birth date|1904|04|08|df=y}} | birth_place = Warwick, England, UK | death_date = {{Death date and age|1989|5|20|1904|4|8|df=y}} | death_place = Blockley, England, UK | nationality = British | institution = Gonville & Caius College, Cambridge London School of Economics University of Manchester Nuffield College, Oxford | alma_mater = Balliol College, Oxford | influences = Léon Walras, Friedrich Hayek, Lionel Robbins, Erik Lindahl, John Maynard Keynes | influenced = | contributions = IS/LM model Capital theory, consumer theory, general equilibrium theory, welfare theory, induced innovation | awards = Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (1972) | signature = | repec_prefix = e | repec_id = phi7 }} Sir John Richard Hicks (8 April 1904 – 20 May 1989) was a British economist. He was considered one of the most important and influential economists of the twentieth century. The most familiar of his many contributions in the field of economics were his statement of consumer demand theory in microeconomics, and the IS/LM model (1937), which summarised a Keynesian view of macroeconomics. His book Value and Capital (1939) significantly extended general-equilibrium and value theory. The compensated demand function is named the Hicksian demand function in memory of him. In 1972 he received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (jointly) for his pioneering contributions to general equilibrium theory and welfare theory.[1] Early lifeHicks was born in 1904 in Warwick, England, and was the son of Dorothy Catherine (Stephens) and Edward Hicks, a journalist at a local newspaper.[2] He was educated at Clifton College (1917–1922)[3] and at Balliol College, Oxford (1922–1926), and was financed by mathematical scholarships. During his school days and in his first year at Oxford, he specialised in mathematics but also had interests in literature and history. In 1923, he moved to Philosophy, Politics and Economics, the "new school" that was just being started at Oxford. He graduated with second-class honors and, as he stated, "no adequate qualification in any of the subjects" that he had studied.[4] CareerFrom 1926 to 1935, Hicks lectured at the London School of Economics and Political Science.[5] He started as a labour economist and did descriptive work on industrial relations but gradually, he moved over to the analytical side, where his mathematics background returned to the fore. Hicks's influences included Lionel Robbins and such associates as Friedrich von Hayek, R.G.D. Allen, Nicholas Kaldor, Abba Lerner and Ursula Webb, the last of whom, in 1935, became his wife. From 1935 to 1938, he lectured at Cambridge where he was also a fellow of Gonville & Caius College. He was occupied mainly in writing Value and Capital, which was based on his earlier work in London. From 1938 to 1946, he was Professor at the University of Manchester. There, he did his main work on welfare economics, with its application to social accounting. In 1946, he returned to Oxford, first as a research fellow of Nuffield College (1946–1952) then as Drummond Professor of Political Economy (1952–1965) and finally as a research fellow of All Souls College (1965–1971), where he continued writing after his retirement. Later lifeHicks was knighted in 1964 and became an honorary fellow of Linacre College. He was co-recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences (with Kenneth J. Arrow) in 1972. He donated the Nobel Prize to the London School of Economics and Political Science's Library Appeal in 1973.[5] He died on 20 May 1989 at his home in the Cotswold village of Blockley.[6] Contributions to economic analysisHicks's early work as a labour economist culminated in The Theory of Wages (1932, 2nd ed. 1963), still considered standard in the field. He collaborated with R.G.D. Allen in two seminal papers on value theory published in 1934. His magnum opus is Value and Capital published in 1939. The book built on ordinal utility and mainstreamed the now-standard distinction between the substitution effect and the income effect for an individual in demand theory for the 2-good case. It generalised the analysis to the case of one good and a composite good, that is, all other goods. It aggregated individuals and businesses through demand and supply across the economy. It anticipated the aggregation problem, most acutely for the stock of capital goods. It introduced general equilibrium theory to an English-speaking audience, refined the theory for dynamic analysis, and for the first time attempted a rigorous statement of stability conditions for general equilibrium. In the course of analysis Hicks formalised comparative statics. In the same year, he also developed the famous "compensation" criterion called Kaldor–Hicks efficiency for welfare comparisons of alternative public policies or economic states. Hicks's most familiar contribution in macroeconomics was the Hicks–Hansen IS–LM model,[7] published in his paper “Mr. Keynes and the "Classics"; a suggested interpretation”. This model formalised an interpretation of the theory of John Maynard Keynes (see Keynesian economics), and describes the economy as a balance between three commodities: money, consumption and investment. Hicks himself wavered in his acceptance of his IS-LM formulation; in a paper published in 1980 he dismissed it as a ‘classroom gadget’.[8] Contributions to interpretation of income for accounting purposesHicks's influential discourse on income sets the basis for its subjectivity but relevancy for accounting purposes. He aptly summarized it as follows. “The purpose of income calculations in practical affairs is to give people an indication of the amount they can consume without impoverishing themselves”.[9] Formally, he defined income precisely in three measures: Hicks's number 1 measure of income: “the maximum amount, which can be spent during a period if there is to be an expectation of maintaining intact the capital value of prospective receipts (in money terms)” (Hicks, 1946, p. 173)[10]Hicks's number 2 measure of income (market price-neutral): "the maximum amount the individual can spend during a week, and still expect to be able to spend the same amount in each ensuing week” (Hicks, 1946, p. 174).[10]Hicks's number 3 measure of income (takes into account market prices): “the maximum amount of money which an individual can spend this week, and still expect to be able to spend the same amount in real terms in each ensuing week” (Hicks, 1946, p. 174)[10]See also{{colbegin}}
Selected publications
References1. ^The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1972. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved on 28 July 2013. 2. ^{{cite book|url=http://fbe.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/784266/1123.pdf |title=John and Ursula Hicks |author=Creedy, John |publisher=Department of Economics, The University of Melbourne |year=2011 |isbn=9780734044761}} 3. ^"Clifton College Register" Muirhead, J.A.O. p357: Bristol; J.W Arrowsmith for Old Cliftonian Society; April, 1948 4. ^John R. Hicks – Biographical. Nobelprize.org (20 May 1989). Retrieved on 2013-07-28. 5. ^1 {{cite web|title=Sir John Hicks|url= http://www2.lse.ac.uk/aboutLSE/keyFacts/nobelPrizeWinners/hicks.aspx|publisher= London School of Economics |date=13 March 2009 |accessdate=8 July 2012}} 6. ^[https://www.britac.ac.uk/sites/default/files/08%20Hicks.pdf john hicks – British Academy] Retrieved 15 January 2018. 7. ^{{cite journal |first=J. R. |last=Hicks |year=1937 |title=Mr. Keynes and the 'Classics', A Suggested Interpretation |journal=Econometrica |volume=5 |issue=2 |jstor=1907242 |pages=147–159 }} 8. ^{{cite journal |first=J. R. |last=Hicks |year=1980 |title='IS-LM': An Explanation |journal=Journal of Post Keynesian Economics |volume=3 |issue=2 |jstor=4537583 |pages=139–154 }} 9. ^{{cite web|title=The Hicks’ Concept of Income and Its Relevancy for Accounting Purposes|url=https://www.academia.edu/6148099/The_Hicks_Concept_of_Income_and_Its_Relevancy_for_Accounting|accessdate=17 August 2016}} 10. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=The Hicks’ Concept of Income and Its Relevancy for Accounting Purposes|url=https://www.academia.edu/6148099/The_Hicks_Concept_of_Income_and_Its_Relevancy_for_Accounting|accessdate=18 August 2016}} Further reading
External links{{Commons category|John Hicks}}{{wikiquote}}
25 : 1904 births|1989 deaths|People from Warwick|British economists|Keynesians|General equilibrium theorists|Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford|Fellows of Nuffield College, Oxford|Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge|Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford|Nobel laureates in Economics|British Nobel laureates|Academics of the London School of Economics|Academics of the Victoria University of Manchester|People educated at Clifton College|Knights Bachelor|Neo-Keynesian economists|English Nobel laureates|20th-century British writers|20th-century economists|Drummond Professors of Political Economy|Fellows of the Econometric Society|People from Blockley|Neoclassical economists|Neoclassical economics |
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