| 词条 | Alisma plantago-aquatica |
| 释义 |
|image = AlismaPlant1.jpg |status = LC |status_system = IUCN3.1 |status_ref = [1] |genus = Alisma |species = plantago-aquatica |authority = L., 1753 }} Alisma plantago-aquatica, also known as European water-plantain, common water-plantain or mad-dog weed, is a perennial flowering aquatic plant widespread across most of Europe and Asia from Portugal and Morocco to Japan, Kamchatka and Vietnam. It is also regarded as native in northern and central Africa as far south as Tanzania. It is reportedly naturalized in southern Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Alaska, British Columbia, Washington State and Connecticut.[2][3][4] Some sources maintain that the species is widespread across North America, but these reports appear to have been based on misidentified specimens.[5] It is found on mud or in fresh waters. DescriptionAlisma plantago-aquatica is a hairless plant that grows in shallow water, consists of a fibrous root, several basal long stemmed leaves 15–30 cm long, and a triangular stem up to 1 m tall. It has branched inflorescence bearing numerous small flowers, 1 cm across, with three round or slightly jagged, white or pale purple petals. The flowers open in the afternoon. There are 3 blunt green sepals, and 6 stamens per flower. The carpels often exist as a flat single whorl. It flowers from June until August.[6]The word alisma is said to be a word of Celtic origin meaning "water", a reference to the habitat in which it grows. Early botanists named it after the Plantago because of the similarity of their leaves.[7] Similar speciesNarrow leaved water plantain Alisma lanceolatum differs only in that the leaf tips are acuminate and shape is narrow lanceolate. Traditional usesAccording to Flora of the U.S.S.R. (1934, translated 1968), “A powder prepared from dried roots is used in popular medicine as a cure for rabies and crushed leaves are used against mammary congestion; fresh leaves are employed in homeopathy. [...] Since this species is often confounded or identified with others of the genus, the reported data may also refer to [Alisma orientale or Alisma lanceolatum].”[8] Indeed, Alisma {{nowrap|plantago-aquatica}} is also known as mad-dog weed,[9] as if it could be used to cure rabies. Do not confuse this with Scutellaria lateriflora (mad-dog skullcap), which is also sometimes called mad-dog weed. Alisma orientale is sometimes treated as a variety of this species (Alisma {{nowrap|plantago-aquatica}} var. orientale).[10][11] The rhizomes of A. orientale have been used as a traditional Chinese medicine, ze xie.[12] However, it may have serious side effects or even toxic effects such as hepatotoxicity in patients with chronic hepatitis B.[13]ResearchIn vitro and animal studies indicate that extracts of Alisma plantago-aquatica or its isolated chemical constituents may have biological activities including:
ChemistryChemical constituents of {{lang|la|Rhizoma Alismatis}}—rhizomes of Alisma orientale (syn. Alisma {{nowrap|plantago-aquatica}} var. orientale) as a traditional Chinese medicine—include alisol A 24-acetate and alisol B 23-acetate.[18] The content of these two compounds are significantly different in {{lang|la|Rhizoma Alismatis}} of different areas. References1. ^{{IUCN2014.1|assessor=Lansdown, R.V. |year=2014 |id=164129 |title=Alisma plantago-aquatica |downloaded=25 June 2014 }} 2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=294841|title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|website=apps.kew.org|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-01-26}} 3. ^Biota of North America Program 4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=220000430|title=Alisma plantago-aquatica in Flora of China @ efloras.org|website=www.efloras.org|access-date=2017-01-26}} 5. ^Björkquist, I. 1968. Studies in Alisma L. II. Chromosome studies, crossing experiments and taxonomy. Opera Botanica 19: 1-138. 6. ^Flora of North America v 22, Alisma plantago-aquatica 7. ^{{cite book |last=Rose |first=Francis|authorlink=Francis Rose |title=The Wild Flower Key |year=2006 |publisher=Frederick Warne & Co|isbn=978-0-7232-5175-0 |pages=483–484}} 8. ^{{cite book | title=Flora of the U.S.S.R | volume=1 | pages=220–1 | year=1968 | url=https://archive.org/stream/floraofussr01bota#page/220/mode/2up | accessdate=June 3, 2012 }} 9. ^{{cite web | title=Historical Common Names of Great Plains Plants: Alisma plantago-aquatica L | url=http://www.unl.edu/agnicpls/gpcn/latina/Alismaplantago-aquatica.html | accessdate=June 3, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608210354/http://www.unl.edu/agnicpls/gpcn/latina/Alismaplantago-aquatica.html | archive-date=2011-06-08 | dead-url=yes | df= }} 10. ^{{GRIN | Alisma plantago-aquatica var. orientale | 402443 | accessdate = June 3, 2012}} 11. ^{{GRIN | Alisma orientale | 402444 | accessdate = June 3, 2012}} 12. ^{{cite web | title=SCHEDULE 1 Chinese Herbal Medicines | website=Chinese Medicine Bill | url=http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr98-99/english/bills/c012_e.htm | publisher=Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | quote=Rhizoma Alismatis ({{lang|zh-HK|澤瀉}}) Tuber of Alisma orientalis (Sam.) Juzep. | accessdate=June 3, 2012 }} 13. ^{{cite journal | journal=Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics |date=October 2006 | volume=24 | issue=8 | pages=1179–86 | title=Traditional Chinese medicine causing hepatotoxicity in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection: a 1-year prospective study | author=YUEN, M.-F. | author2=TAM, S. | author3=FUNG, J. | author4=WONG, D. K.-H. | author5=WONG, B. C.-Y. | author6=LAI, C.-L. | last-author-amp=yes | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03111.x | pmid=17014576 }} 14. ^Rau O., Wurglics M., Dingermann Th., Abdel-Tawab M., Schubert-Zsilavecz M, "Screening of herbal extracts for activation of the human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor." Pharmazie 2006 61:11 (952-956) 15. ^Jeong C.S., Suh I.O., Hyun J.E., Lee E.B. "Screening of hepatoprotective activity of medicinal plant extracts on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats", Natural Product Sciences 2003 9:2 (87-90) 16. ^{{cite journal | journal=Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin |date=May 1997 | volume=20 | issue=5 | pages=511–6 | title=Studies on Alismatis rhizoma. Anti-allergic Effects of Methanol Extract and Six Terpene Components from Alismatis rhizoma (Dried Rhizome of Alisma orientale) | first1=Michinori | last1=Kubo | first2=Hideaki | last2=Mattsuda | first3=Norimichi | last3=Tomohiro | first4=Masayuki | last4=Yoshikawa | url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb1993/20/5/20_5_511/_pdf | format=PDF | accessdate=June 3, 2012 | doi=10.1248/bpb.20.511 | pmid=9178931}} 17. ^{{cite journal |pmid = 22975512 |year = 2012 |last1 = Lee |first1 = JH |last2 = Kwon |first2 = OS |last3 = Jin |first3 = HG |last4 = Woo |first4 = ER |last5 = Kim |first5 = YS |last6 = Kim |first6 = HP |title = The Rhizomes of Alisma orientale and Alisol Derivatives Inhibit Allergic Response and Experimental Atopic Dermatitis |volume = 35 |issue = 9 |pages = 1581–7 |journal = Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin |doi=10.1248/bpb.b110689}} 18. ^http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-YBQJ201010029.htm External links{{Commons-inline|Alisma plantago-aquatica}}{{Wikispecies-inline|Alisma plantago-aquatica}}
17 : Alisma|Medicinal plants of Europe|Medicinal plants of North America|Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine|Plants described in 1753|Flora of Gabon|Flora of Kosovo|Flora of Central Asia|Flora of Siberia|Flora of Russia|Flora of China|Flora of Asia|Flora of Europe|Flora of New Zealand|Flora of Australia|Flora of Africa|Freshwater plants |
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