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词条 Icelandic Air Policing
释义

  1. Background

  2. Deployments

  3. References

{{Operational plan
|name = Icelandic Air Policing
|partof =
|image =
|caption = A USAF F-15C Eagle fighter flying over Iceland during an Icelandic Air Policing patrol in April 2015
|scope =
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|longitude =
|map_size =
|map_caption =
|map_label =
|planned =
|planned_by =
|objective = Regular patrols of Icelandic airspace
|target =
|date = Periodically since May 2008
|time =
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|executed_by = NATO
|outcome = Ongoing
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Icelandic Air Policing is a NATO operation conducted to patrol Iceland's airspace. As Iceland does not have an air force, in 2006 it requested that its NATO allies periodically deploy fighter aircraft to Keflavik Air Base to provide protection of its airspace. The first deployment of aircraft took place in May 2008.

Background

As Iceland does not maintain an air force, the country was left without means to patrol its airspace when the United States Air Force (USAF) ceased deploying fighter units to Keflavik Air Base in September 2006, and the U.S. Iceland Defense Force was withdrawn.[1][2] Following the American withdrawal Russian Air Force 37th Air Army aircraft entered Icelandic airspace on several occasions.[3]

Prime Minister Geir Haarde requested that Iceland's NATO allies assume responsibility for protecting Iceland's airspace during the Riga Summit in November 2006. The North Atlantic Council agreed to this request at its July 2007 meeting.[1] The other NATO member states who lack the ability to patrol their own airspace have similar arrangements in place.[4] In March 2008, Prime Minister Haarde denied that the air policing operation was targeting Russian aircraft, and stated that "It is going to be a general patrolling exercise. We consider Russia to be our friends, by the way."[5]

As of January 2013, NATO had re-designated the deployments to Iceland as being the "Airborne Surveillance and Interception Capabilities to meet Iceland's Peacetime Preparedness Needs" mission, and emphasised to reporters that it was focused on training rather than air policing.[6]

Since 2014 the aircraft deployed to Iceland have been placed on Quick Reaction Alert (QRA) status and flown armed patrols. While these tasks were not previously undertaken, it was decided to commence them in response to the deterioration in relations between Russia and NATO countries following the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation and the conflict in Donbass, Ukraine.[8]

In 2018, the deployments to Iceland came under the Allied Air Command and were controlled by NATO's northern Combined Air Operations Centre at Uedem in Germany.[9]

Deployments

In contrast with the Baltic Air Policing mission, which involves the continuous presence of fighter aircraft from NATO countries at Šiauliai International Airport in Lithuania and Ämari Air Base in Estonia, the Icelandic government requested that NATO not maintain a permanent force at Keflavik.[1] Instead, an average of three deployments are made per year, with each lasting from two to three weeks.[7]

As of September 2018, the following deployments have been made to Iceland:[12]

DatesNationalityUnitAircraftNotes
5 May – 30 June 2008{{FRA}}EC 01.002 Cigogne4 x Mirage 2000C[8]Deployment had a strength of 110 personnel[9]
September 2008{{USA}}48th Fighter Wing? x F-15C Eagle[10][11]
March 2009{{DEN}}727 squadron, 730 squadron and Air Control Wing.[12]4 x F-16AM Fighting Falcon[13]
? 2009{{NOR}}Royal Norwegian Air Force[12]? x F-16AM Fighting Falcon
? 2009{{USA}}United States Air Force[12]?
8 – 29 March 2010{{DEN}}727 squadron, 730 squadron and Air Control Wing.f-16.net}}[14]This deployment included two ground intercept controllers from the Estonian Defence Forces.[15]
1 – 25 June 2010{{GER}}Jagdgeschwader 716 x F-4F Phantom II[16]
6 – 24 September 2010{{USA}}493rd Expeditionary Fighter Squadron, 48th Fighter Wing8 x F-15C Eagle[17]
28 March – 30 April 2011{{CAN}}409 Tactical Fighter Squadron5 x CF-188 Hornet[18][19]
? 2011{{NOR}}Royal Norwegian Air Force[12]? x F-16AM Fighting Falcon
? 2011{{USA}}United States Air Force[12]?
5 March – 2 April 2012{{GER}}Jagdgeschwader 716 x F-4F Phantom II[20]
1 May – 7 June 2012{{USA}}493rd Expeditionary Fighter Squadron? X F-15C Eagle
? X KC-135 Stratotanker
? X C-130J Hercules[21][22]
7 August–20 September 2012{{PRT}}201 and 301 Squadrons6 x F-16AM Fighting FalconDetachment had a strength of 70 personnel[23]
18 March – 28 April 2013{{CAN}}425 Tactical Fighter Squadron6 x CF-18 Hornet
1 x CC-150 Polaris		Detachment consists of 160 Canadian Forces personnel[24]
7 June – 10 July 2013{{ITA}}Italian Air Force 4th, 36th and 37th Stormo (Wings)[25]6 x Eurofighter Typhoon
2 x KC-767
1 x C-130J Super Hercules		About 150 personnel deployed[26]
November 2013{{USA}}493rd Expeditionary Fighter Squadron, 48th Air Expeditionary Group[27]6 x F-15C Eagle
2 x Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker
27 January – 21 February 2014{{NOR}}Royal Norwegian Air Force6 x F-16AM Fighting Falcon[28]About 110 personnel deployed [29]
16 May – 5 June 2014{{USA}}48th Air Expeditionary Group[30][31]6 x F-15C Eagle
1 x Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker		About 200 personnel deployed
10 October – 3 December 2014{{CZE}}211th Tactical Squadron5 x JAS 39C Gripen75 personnel deployed[32][33]
17 April 2015 – {{USA}}871st Air Expeditionary Squadron[34]4 x F-15C Eagle
1 x Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker		About 200 personnel deployed
27 July – 28 August 2015{{CZE}}211th Tactical Squadron 5 x JAS 39C Gripen The detachment conducted 91 sorties, and included 8 pilots and 60 other personnel.[35][36]
31 August – 1 October 2015 {{DEN}}RDAF 4 x F-16AM Fighting Falcon [37]
4–28 April 2016 {{USA}} Massachusetts Air National Guard – 131st Fighter Squadron[38]4 x F-15C Eagle
1 x Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker		About 160 personnel deployed[39]
30 May 2016 – ?? {{NOR}}Royal Norwegian Air Force 4 x F-16AM Fighting Falcon [40] 4 weeks June 2016 / About 80 personnel deployed
5 October – late October 2016{{CZE}}211th Tactical Squadron5 x JAS 39C Gripen75 personnel deployed[41][42]
16 March – 14 April 2017[43] {{ITA}}4th Wing[44]6 x Eurofighter Typhoon 145 personnel deployed for 3.011 million Euro [45]
18 May – Mid-June 2017{{CAN}}433 Tactical Fighter Squadron6 x CF-18 HornetDetachment consisted of 154 personnel[46]
23 August – Late September 2017[47] {{USA}}159th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron6 x F-15C
1 x KC-135
1 x KC-10[48] 		Detachment included approximately 280 personnel.[49]
April 2018 (planned){{DEN}}4 x F-16AM Fighting FalconApproximately 60 personnel[50]
August 2018{{USA}}493rd Expeditionary Fighter Squadron14 x F-15C Eagle[51] Included 300 personnel
4 September – ? 2018[52] {{ITA}}Italian Air Force4 x Eurofighter Typhoon
11 March 2019 – ? 2019[53] {{ITA}}Italian Air Force Eurofighter Typhoon

A planned deployment of four British Royal Air Force Eurofighter Typhoons from No. 3 (F) Squadron in December 2008 was cancelled as a result of the Icesave dispute between Britain and Iceland.[54][55] Poland also cancelled a planned deployment of F-16 fighters to Iceland in 2010 due to the impact of the financial crisis of 2007–2010.[56] As part of the terms of an agreement signed in March 2019 between the British and Icelandic governments, the RAF is scheduled to undertake an air policing deployment to Iceland later in 2019.[57]

Fighter aircraft deployed to Iceland are accompanied by NATO Boeing E-3 Sentry AWACS aircraft to enhance the Iceland Air Defence System radar network as well as other supporting aircraft as required.[4]

In addition to the NATO deployments, fighter aircraft from Finland and Sweden have also undertaken training in Iceland.[44]

References

{{Commons category|NATO Icelandic air policing mission}}
1. ^1 2 {{Cite web|title=French Air Force in Iceland|url=http://www.mfa.is/speeches-and-articles/nr/4240|publisher=Ministry for Foreign Affairs|accessdate=2 October 2010|date=5 May 2008}}
2. ^{{Cite news|last=Schogol|first=Jeff|title=U.S. pledges continued defense help after Keflavik base closes|url=http://www.stripes.com/news/u-s-pledges-continued-defense-help-after-keflavik-base-closes-1.54773|accessdate=9 October 2010|newspaper=Stars and Stripes|date=29 September 2006}}
3. ^{{Cite news|last=Cornwell|first=Susan|title=Condoleezza Rice defends Guantanamo|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKL3093712420080530|accessdate=3 October 2010|newspaper=Reuters|date=30 May 2008}}
4. ^1 {{Cite web|title=Air Policing|url=http://www.aco.nato.int/page142085426.aspx|publisher=NATO Air Command Operations|accessdate=2 October 2010}}
5. ^{{Cite news|last=Bases|first=Daniel|title=Iceland sees more Russian flights in N. Atlantic|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN1461960020080314|accessdate=3 October 2010|newspaper=Reuters|date=14 March 2010}}
6. ^{{Cite journal|last=Jennings|first=Gareth|title=NATO approves Swedish, Finnish participation in Icelandic mission|journal=Jane's Defence Weekly|date=2 January 2012|volume=50|issue=1|page=6}}
7. ^{{Cite web|last=Skarphéðinsson|first=Össur|title=Iceland's Interests and a Responsible Foreign Policy (executive summary)|url=http://www.mfa.is/media/Skyrslur/Executive-summary.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs|accessdate=2 October 2010|page=7|date=14 May 2010}}
8. ^{{Cite magazine|title=News briefs|magazine=Air Forces Monthly|date=June 2008|issue=243|page=13|publisher=Key Publishing|location=Avenel, New Jersey|issn=0306-5634}}
9. ^{{Cite news|last=Mackenzie|first=Christina|title=French Air Defense Umbrella Over Iceland|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/Blogs.aspx?plckBlogId=Blog%3a27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7&plckPostId=Blog%3a27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7Post%3a92965f9e-6a87-4872-9387-9f6b02d48f1d|accessdate=10 January 2014|newspaper=Ares|date=6 May 2008}}
10. ^{{Cite web|last=Dewitte|first=Lieven|title=Four Danish F-16s deployed to Iceland|url=http://www.f-16.net/news_article3298.html|work=F-16 Conflict News|publisher=F-16.net|accessdate=9 October 2010|date=5 March 2009}}
11. ^{{Cite magazine|last=Mladenov|first=Alexander|title=The Russian bear gets restless again|magazine=Air Forces Monthly|date=August 2009|issue=257|page=63|publisher=Key Publishing|location=Avenel, New Jersey|issn=0306-5634}}
12. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite web|title=Iceland's "Peacetime Preparedness Needs"|url=http://www.aco.nato.int/icelands-peacetime-preparedness-needs.aspx|publisher=Allied Command Operations|accessdate=20 January 2013}}
13. ^{{Cite web|title=F-16s in Operation Iceland Air Policing and Surveillance|url=http://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/aircraft-combat-deployments/deployment/Iceland%20Air%20Policing%20and%20Surveillance/|work=F-16 Aircraft Database|publisher=F-16.net|accessdate=9 October 2010}}
14. ^{{Cite web|last=Hansen|first=Kurt|title=Icelandic Air Policing and Surveillance (ISLAPS) for NATO – Royal Danish Air Force is doing it again!|url=http://www.airn.nato.int/press/2010/news0310.htm|publisher=Headquarters Allied Air Command Ramstein|accessdate=2 October 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722013326/http://www.airn.nato.int/press/2010/news0310.htm|archivedate=22 July 2011|df=}}
15. ^{{Cite news|last=TBT staff|title=Estonia to patrol Iceland airspace|url=http://www.baltictimes.com/news/articles/22481/|accessdate=3 October 2010|newspaper=The Baltic Times|date=9 March 2008}}
16. ^{{Cite web|title=German Air Force ensures protection of the Icelandic Airspace for the first time|url=http://www.airn.nato.int/press/2010/news1110.htm|publisher=Headquarters Allied Air Command Ramstein|accessdate=3 October 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722013339/http://www.airn.nato.int/press/2010/news1110.htm|archivedate=22 July 2011|df=}}
17. ^{{Cite web|last=Linch|first=Stephen|title=RAF Mildenhall Airmen fuel NATO's Icelandic Air Policing Mission|url=http://www.lakenheath.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123222927|publisher=Royal Air Force Lakenheath|accessdate=2 October 2010|date=21 September 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926112132/http://www.lakenheath.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123222927|archivedate=26 September 2010|df=}}
18. ^{{Cite web|title=Operation IGNITION|url=http://www.cefcom-comfec.forces.gc.ca/pa-ap/ops/ignition/index-eng.asp|work=Past Operations|publisher=National Defence and the Canadian Forces|accessdate=24 May 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728153512/http://www.cefcom-comfec.forces.gc.ca/pa-ap/ops/ignition/index-eng.asp|archivedate=28 July 2011|df=}}
19. ^{{Cite web|title=Canadian Hornets to conduct NATO's Icelandic Air Policing Mission at Keflavik|url=http://www.airn.nato.int/press/2011/news0811.htm|publisher=Headquarters Allied Air Command Ramstein|accessdate=24 May 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318071909/http://www.airn.nato.int/press/2011/news0811.htm|archivedate=18 March 2012|df=}}
20. ^{{Cite web|last=Fiorenza|first=Nicholas|title=Luftwaffe To Police Icelandic Airspace|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/blogs/defense/index.jsp?plckController=Blog&plckBlogPage=BlogViewPost&newspaperUserId=27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7&plckPostId=Blog%3a27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7Post%3a0835fe1f-15ab-471a-9ac8-be31d96b7bb7&plckScript=blogScript&plckElementId=blogDest|work=Ares|publisher=Aviation Week|accessdate=2 March 2012}}
21. ^{{Cite web|last=Horn |first=Lyndsey |title=Air Force, NATO fly to protect Iceland's air sovereignty |url=http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123303245 |work=News |publisher=US Air Force |accessdate=24 May 2012 |date=23 May 2012 |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120803005604/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123303245 |archivedate=3 August 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
22. ^{{Cite web|last=Horn|first=Lyndsey|title=EFS flies to protect Iceland's air sovereignty|url=http://www.usafe.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123302906|work=News|publisher=U.S. Air Forces in Europe|accessdate=24 May 2012|date=23 May 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309075259/http://www.usafe.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123302906|archivedate=9 March 2013|df=}}
23. ^ICELAND Air Policing 2012 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009002834/http://www.emfa.pt/iceland/index.php?pg=5 |date=2012-10-09 }}
24. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/news-nouvelles/news-nouvelles-eng.asp?id=4702|title=Operation Ignition 2013 to help protect Iceland’s airspace|date=March 25, 2013|work=|publisher=National Defence and the Canadian Forces|accessdate=March 25, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522213729/http://forces.gc.ca/site/news-nouvelles/news-nouvelles-eng.asp?id=4702|archivedate=May 22, 2013|df=}}
25. ^{{Cite web|last=Cenciotti|first=David|title=Italian Typhoons providing NATO air defense capability to Iceland|url=http://theaviationist.com/2013/06/19/icelandic-typhoon-photos/|publisher=theaviationist.com|accessdate=19 June 2013}}
26. ^{{Cite news|last=Cenciotti|first=David|title=Italy's Typhoon Jets Can Fly Over Iceland Now|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/david-cenciotti-italys-typhoon-jets-fly-over-iceland-david-cenciotti-2013-6?IR=T|accessdate=13 June 2013|newspaper=Business Insider|date=11 June 2013}}
27. ^{{Cite web|last=Butler|first=Dana J.|title=USAF units combine to create 48th AEG in Iceland|url=http://www.mildenhall.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123369913|publisher=RAF Mildenhall|accessdate=6 January 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106180216/http://www.mildenhall.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123369913|archivedate=6 January 2014|df=}}
28. ^{{Cite web|title=Norwegian jets take on NATO's peacetime preparedness mission over Iceland|url=http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-14A30AF6-74B058E8/natolive/news_106631.htm|work=News|publisher=NATO|accessdate=3 February 2014}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/Luftforsvaret|title=Luftforsvaret|work=Facebook|accessdate=18 January 2015}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.usafe.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123410972|title=US begins Icelandic Air Policing|work=af.mil|accessdate=18 January 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029030204/http://www.usafe.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123410972|archivedate=29 October 2014|df=}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.usafe.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123413749|title=Icelandic Air Policing rotation ends|work=af.mil|accessdate=18 January 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029030356/http://www.usafe.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123413749|archivedate=29 October 2014|df=}}
32. ^{{Cite news|last1=Lazarová|first1=Daniela|title=Czech Air Force takes over surveillance of Icelandic airspace|url=http://www.radio.cz/en/section/curraffrs/czech-air-force-takes-over-surveillance-of-icelandic-airspace|accessdate=12 October 2014|work=Radio Prague|date=10 October 2014}}
33. ^{{Cite news|last1=Kominek|first1=Jiri|title=Czech Gripens take on Iceland air policing role|url=http://www.janes.com/article/44360/czech-gripens-take-on-iceland-air-policing-role|accessdate=14 October 2014|work=IHS Jane's 360|date=12 October 2014}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.usafe.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123445974|title=US begins Icelandic Air Surveillance and Policing 2015|work=af.mil|accessdate=28 April 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722011934/http://www.usafe.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123445974|archivedate=22 July 2015|df=}}
35. ^{{cite web|title=Letouny JAS-39 Gripen jsou z Islandu zpět v ČR|url=http://www.mise.army.cz/aktualni-mise/air-surveillance/zpravodajstvi/letouny-jas-39-gripen-jsou-z-islandu-zpet-v-cr-113763/|publisher=Czech Ministry of Defence|accessdate=30 August 2015|date=28 August 2015}}
36. ^{{cite news|title=Gripen fighters return from Iceland|url=http://www.praguepost.com/czech-news/49512-gripen-fighters-return-from-iceland|accessdate=30 August 2015|work=Prague Post|date=29 August 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831133456/http://www.praguepost.com/czech-news/49512-gripen-fighters-return-from-iceland|archivedate=31 August 2015|df=}}
37. ^http://icelandreview.com/news/2015/08/28/four-f-16-fighter-jets-coming
38. ^{{cite web|title=Total Force arrives to patrol Icelandic skies|url=http://www.usafe.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123471945|publisher=U.S. Air Forces in Europe / Air Forces Africa|accessdate=24 April 2016}}
39. ^{{cite news|last1=Cenciotti|first1=David|title=U.S. Air National Guard F-15s deploying to Iceland and the Netherlands "to deter further Russian aggression"|url=http://theaviationist.com/2016/03/31/tsp-f-15s-heading-to-europe/|accessdate=3 April 2016|work=The Aviationist|date=31 March 2016}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ac.nato.int/archive/2016/norwegian-air-force-flying-their-f16-fighters-under-nato-mission-in-iceland-this-june|title=Norway starting a four week deployment|work=NATO HQ AIRCOM|accessdate=8 June 2016}}
41. ^{{cite web|title=Czech Air Force returns to Iceland for third NATO mission|url=https://www.airn.nato.int/archive/2016/czech-air-force-returns-to-iceland-for-third-nato-mission|publisher=Allied Air Command|accessdate=4 November 2016|date=26 September 2016}}
42. ^{{cite web|title=Czech Gripen certified to scramble in Iceland|url=https://www.airn.nato.int/archive/2016/czech-gripen-certified-to-scramble-in-iceland|publisher=Allied Air Command|accessdate=4 November 2016|date=5 October 2016}}
43. ^{{cite web|title=Six Italian Typhoons Are Deploying to Keflavik to Support NATO's Iceland Air Policing Mission|url=https://theaviationist.com/2017/03/15/six-italian-typhoons-are-deploying-to-keflavik-to-support-natos-iceland-air-policing-mission/|website=The Aviationist|accessdate=18 March 2017|date=15 March 2017}}
44. ^1 2 {{cite news|last1=Jennings|first1=Gareth|title=Italy deploys Typhoons for Icelandic air policing and training|url=http://www.janes.com/article/68839/italy-deploys-typhoons-for-icelandic-air-policing-and-training|accessdate=23 March 2017|work=IHS Jane's 360|date=20 March 2017}}
45. ^http://www.senato.it/service/PDF/PDFServer/BGT/1000608.pdf
46. ^{{cite news|last1=Thatcher|first1=Chris|title=Hornets return from Iceland air surveillance|url=https://www.skiesmag.com/news/hornets-return-iceland-air-surveillance/|accessdate=19 August 2017|work=Skies|date=16 June 2017}}
47. ^{{cite web|title=2017 TSP Iceland|url=https://www.dvidshub.net/image/3710642/2017-tsp-iceland|website=DVIDS|accessdate=26 December 2017}}
48. ^{{cite web|last1=Hines|first1=Jessica|title=Louisiana, Florida ANG F-15Cs deploy to Iceland in support of NATO|url=https://www.dvidshub.net/news/245798/louisiana-florida-ang-f-15cs-deploy-iceland-support-nato|website=DVIDS|accessdate=26 December 2017}}
49. ^{{cite web|title=Louisiana, Florida ANG F-15Cs deploy to Iceland in support of NATO|url=http://www.usafe.af.mil/News/Press-Releases/Article/1287906/louisiana-florida-ang-f-15cs-deploy-to-iceland-in-support-of-nato/|website=Media release|publisher=US Air Forces in Europe and Air Forces Africa|accessdate=26 December 2017}}
50. ^{{cite web|title=Denmark deploys four F-16 fighters to safeguard the airspace of Iceland|url=http://um.dk/en/news/newsdisplaypage/?newsid=77775fee-facf-47a1-b88c-79a2bc61c16c|website=Media release|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark|accessdate=13 February 2018|date=9 February 2018}}
51. ^{{cite news |last1=Egnash |first1=Martin |title=Fighter jet practice and shark for dinner: Air Force completes Iceland mission |url=https://www.stripes.com/news/fighter-jet-practice-and-shark-for-dinner-air-force-completes-iceland-mission-1.543879 |accessdate=25 August 2018 |work=Stars and Stripes |date=23 August 2018}}
52. ^1 {{cite web |title=Italy takes up NATO air patrols over Iceland |url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_157864.htm |website=Newsroom |publisher=NATO |accessdate=8 September 2018 |date=4 September 2018}}
53. ^{{cite news |title=Italian Eurofighter safeguards Icelandic airspace under NATO deployment for the fourth time |url=http://en.aviation-report.com/italian-eurofighter-safeguards-icelandic-airspace-under-nato-deployment-for-the-fourth-time/ |accessdate=21 March 2019 |work=Aviation Report |date=19 March 2019}}
54. ^{{Cite magazine|title=Typhoons in Iceland not forecast|magazine=Air Forces Monthly|date=June 2009|issue=250|page=8|publisher=Key Publishing|location=Avenel, New Jersey|issn=0306-5634}}
55. ^{{Cite web|last=Hoyle|first=Craig|title=UK cancels Typhoon's Icelandic air policing duty|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/11/25/319322/uk-cancels-typhoons-icelandic-air-policing-duty.html|publisher=Flight International|accessdate=18 December 2010|date=25 November 2008}}
56. ^{{Cite web|last=Glowacki|first=Bartosz|title=Polish military continues expeditionary focus|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/06/08/342796/polish-military-continues-expeditionary-focus.html|publisher=Flightglobal|accessdate=2 October 2010|author2=Sobczak, Grzegorz|date=8 June 2010}}
57. ^{{cite web |title=UK and Iceland sign agreement on defence and security cooperation|date=26 March 2019 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-and-iceland-sign-agreement-on-defence-and-security-cooperation |website=GOV.UK |publisher=Foreign & Commonwealth Office and The Rt Hon Jeremy Hunt MP |accessdate=27 March 2019}}
{{Law enforcement in Iceland}}

4 : NATO Air Policing|Military of Iceland|Aviation in Iceland|Military aviation
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