| 词条 | Illyrian type helmet | ||||||
| 释义 |
The "Illyrian type helmet" (or "Greco-Illyrian" type helmet) is a style of bronze helmet, which in its later variations covered the entire head and neck, and was open-faced in all of its forms.[1] It originated in Peloponnese, ancient Greece,[2] and was developed during the 8th and 7th centuries BC (700–640 BC).[1][3][4] Accurate representations on Corinthian vases are sufficient to indicate that the "Illyrian" type helmet was developed before 600 BC.[5] The helmet was misleadingly named as an "Illyrian" type due to a large number of early finds coming from Illyria.[1][6][7] ArchaeologyAccording to archaeological evidence, the "Illyrian" type helmet evolved from the Kegelhelm (or Kegel type) of the Archaic Period found in Argos.[1] The earliest "Illyrian" type helmets were developed in a workshop located in the northwestern Peloponnese (possibly Olympia), although the first Type II "Illyrian" helmets were created in Corinthian workshops.[3] The first Type III helmets were created in workshops situated somewhere on the Illyrian coast of the Adriatic.[8] The "Illyrian" type helmet did not obstruct the wearer's critical senses of vision though the first two varieties hampered hearing. There were four types of these helmets and all were open faced:
The Illyrian type helmet was used by the ancient Greeks,[9] Etruscans,[10] Scythians,[11] and became popular with the Illyrians who later adopted it.[9][12] A variety of the helm had also spread to Italy based on its appearance on ivory reliefs and on a silver bowl at the "Bernardini" tomb at Praeneste.[5] The helmet became obsolete in most parts of Greece in the early 5th century BC. Its use in Illyria had ended by the 4th century BC.[13] GalleryReferencesNotes1. ^1 2 3 {{harvnb|Connolly|1998|p=60}}. 2. ^{{harvnb|Bardunias|Ray|2016|loc=p. 41: "The basic form of the early kegelhelm did not disappear. A helmet type labeled 'Illyrian' (though actually originating in the Peloponnese) was in continuous use alongside the Corinthian..."}} 3. ^1 {{harvnb|Treister|1996|pp=59–62}}. 4. ^{{harvnb|Wilkes|1995|p=108}}; {{harvnb|Pearce|Tosi|Moravetti|Milliken|1998|p=242}}. 5. ^1 {{harvnb|Snodgrass|1964|p=20}}. 6. ^{{harvnb|Snodgrass|1999|pp=76, 95}}; {{harvnb|Sekunda|1998|p=53}}: "Figure D2, based on a Lakonian warrior statuette from Dodona, wears a helmet of the Illyrian type, so-named because a large number of early finds came from Illyria. However, it is now clear that it was also extremely popular in the Peloponnese, which is the most probable area of origin." 7. ^Naming conventions and typology of ancient helmets are of modern origin and do not reflect contemporaneous usage. ({{harvnb|Connolly|1998|loc=p. 60: "Terms such as 'Illyrian' and 'Attic' are used in archaeology for convenience to denote a particular type of helmet and do not imply its origin.")}} 8. ^{{harvnb|Treister|1996|loc=p. 65: "The earliest variants of type 3 of the Illyrian helmet, dating primarily to the second half of the 6th century B.C., belong to the production of the workshops situated somewhere on the Illyrian coast of the Adriatic."}} 9. ^1 {{harvnb|Snodgrass|1999|loc=p. 52: "Another common form, superficially similar to the 'Insular', is the so-called 'Illyrian' helmet, in fact a purely Greek type which perhaps originated somewhere in the Peloponnese in the earlier seventh century, and only centuries later found its way to Illyria and other barbarian lands."}} 10. ^{{harvnb|Richardson|1983|loc=p. 165: "...Etruria to adopt Greek armor, the Cretan or Illyrian helmet and the hoplite shield..."}} 11. ^{{harvnb|Cernenko|McBride|Gorelik|1983|p=45}}. 12. ^{{harvnb|Snodgrass|1999|p=76}}. 13. ^{{harvnb|Wilkes|1995|p=241}}. Citations{{reflist|2}}Sources{{refbegin|2}}
Further reading{{refbegin}}
External links
5 : Ancient Greek helmets|Ancient Peloponnese|Ancient Corinth|Archaic Greece|Illyrian warfare |
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