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词条 Internet outage
释义

  1. List

  2. Prevention

  3. Management

     Temporary alternative forms of communication  Meshnets 

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. External links

An Internet outage or Internet blackout can occur due to censorship, cyberattacks, disasters[1] or errors.

Disruptions of submarine communications cables may cause blackouts or slowdowns to large areas. Countries with a less developed Internet infrastructure are more vulnerable due to small numbers of high-capacity links.

A line of research finds that the Internet with it having a "hub-like" core structure that makes it robust to random losses of nodes but also fragile to targeted attacks on key components − the highly connected nodes or "hubs".[2]

List

{{expand list|date=February 2017}}{{See also|List of web host service outages}}
Year Name Country or region Affected users Number of affected users (rough) Description Duration (rough) Internet component Cause Entity responsible Type
2008 2008 submarine cable disruption Middle East and Mediterranean Sea Three separate incidents of major damage to submarine optical communication cables around the world occurred in 2008. The first incident caused damage involving up to five high-speed Internet submarine communications cables in the Mediterranean Sea and Middle East from 23 January to 4 February 2008, causing internet disruptions and slowdowns for users in the Middle East and India.[3] In late February there was another outage, this time affecting a fiber optic connection between Singapore and Jakarta.[4] On 19 December, FLAG FEA, GO-1, SEA-ME-WE 3, and SEA-ME-WE 4 were all cut.[5][6][7] submarine cables {{Unknown}} {{Unknown}}
2011 2011 submarine cable disruption South Asia and Middle East In two incidents of submarine communications cables cut off on 25 December 2011. The first cut off occurred to SEA-ME-WE 3 at Suez canal, Egypt and the second cut off occurred to i2i which took place between Chennai, India and Singapore line. Both the incidents had caused the Internet disruptions and slowdowns for users in the South Asia and Middle East in particular UAE.[8][9][10][11] submarine cables {{unknown}} {{unknown}}
20122012 Syrian internet outageSyriaOn 29 November 2012 the Syrian Internet was cut off from the rest of the world. The autonomous system (AS29386) of Syrian Telecommunication Establishment (STE) was cut off completely at 10:26 UTC. Five prefixes were reported to have remained up, this is why Dyn[12] reports an outage of 92% of the country.

Responsibility for the outage has somewhat speculatively been blamed on various organizations.[13][14]

UnknownUnknown
2016 Germany}} Deutsche Telekom 900,000 At the end of November 2016 0.9 million routers, from Deutsche Telekom and produced by Arcadyan, were crashed due to failed TR-064 exploitation attempts by a variant of Mirai, which resulted in Internet connectivity problems for the users of these devices.[15][16] While TalkTalk later patched their routers, a new variant of Mirai was discovered in TalkTalk routers.[17][18][19] 1 day Internet routers cyberattack {{Unknown}} Full}}
2016 Liberia}} {{unknown}} Mirai has also been used in an attack on Liberia's Internet infrastructure in November 2016.[20][21][22] cyberattack {{unknown}} Full}}
2016 2016 Dyn cyberattack United States}} Dyn (company) The cyberattack took place on October 21, 2016, and involved multiple distributed denial-of-service attacks (DDoS attacks) targeting systems operated by Domain Name System (DNS) provider Dyn, which caused major Internet platforms and services to be unavailable to large swathes of users in Europe and North America.[23][24] As a DNS provider, Dyn provides to end-users the service of mapping an Internet domain name—when, for instance, entered into a web browser—to its corresponding IP address. The distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack was accomplished through a large number of DNS lookup requests from tens of millions of IP addresses.[25] The activities are believed to have been executed through a botnet consisting of a large number of Internet-connected devices—such as printers, IP cameras, residential gateways and baby monitors—that had been infected with the Mirai malware. With an estimated throughput of 1.2 terabits per second, the attack is, according to experts, the largest DDoS attack on record.[26] 1 day Domain Name System (DNS) provider cyberattack {{Unknown}} Major websites}}
2011 Armenia}} 3,000,000 A woman digging for scrap metal damaged land cables and thereby severed most connectivity for the nation of Armenia.[27] 5 hours land cables digging Full}}
2011 Egypt}} The Internet in Egypt was shut down by the government, whereby approximately 93%[28] of networks were without access in 2011 in an attempt to stop mobilization for anti-government protests.[29] ISPs government censorship Egypt}}{{no>Full}}
2017 Cameroon}} South-West and North-West of Cameroon 20% of the country's population On January 17, around 20 percent of the people in Cameroon had their Internet blocked due to recent anti-government protests.[30][31][32] 1 month (ongoing) government censorship Cameroon}}Full}}

Prevention

Internet outages can be prevented by a more resilient, decentralized Internet architecture.[35]

Management

{{Expand section|date=February 2017}}

Modern society, especially in developed countries, depends heavily on the Internet not just for communication. There have been some measures taken and possibilities exist for managing and countering a large-scale Internet outage.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}

Temporary alternative forms of communication

{{See also|Emergency communication system|Radio}}

Meshnets

{{Main|Meshnet}}

See also

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
  • Internet kill switch
  • Internet censorship in the Arab Spring
  • Just-in-time blocking
  • Cyberwarfare
  • Cyberweapon
  • {{sectionlink|Decentralization|Centralization and redecentralization of the Internet}}
  • Critical Internet infrastructure
  • Critical infrastructure protection
  • Internet backbone
  • Power outage
  • Communications blackout
  • Network congestion
  • Malware
  • DDoS
  • Protests against SOPA and PIPA

}}

References

1. ^{{cite journal|last1=Petersen|first1=Hauke|last2=Baccelli|first2=Emmanuel|last3=Wählisch|first3=Matthias|last4=Schmidt|first4=Thomas C.|last5=Schiller|first5=Jochen|title=The Role of the Internet of Things in Network Resilience|journal=Internet of Things. IoT Infrastructures|date=27 October 2014|pages=283–296|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-19743-2_39|url=https://arxiv.org/pdf/1406.6614.pdf|accessdate=19 February 2017|publisher=Springer, Cham|language=en|arxiv=1406.6614}}
2. ^{{cite journal|last1=Doyle|first1=John C.|last2=Alderson|first2=David L.|last3=Li|first3=Lun|last4=Low|first4=Steven|last5=Roughan|first5=Matthew|last6=Shalunov|first6=Stanislav|last7=Tanaka|first7=Reiko|last8=Willinger|first8=Walter|title=The "robust yet fragile" nature of the Internet|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|date=11 October 2005|volume=102|issue=41|pages=14497–14502|doi=10.1073/pnas.0501426102|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/102/41/14497.full|accessdate=19 February 2017|language=en|issn=0027-8424|citeseerx=10.1.1.218.6287|bibcode=2005PNAS..10214497D}}
3. ^{{cite news|title=Cable damage hits one million Internet Users |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?section=theuae&xfile=data/theuae/2008/february/theuae_february121.xml |work=Khaleej News |date=2008-02-04 |accessdate=2008-02-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209140523/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?section=theuae&xfile=data%2Ftheuae%2F2008%2Ffebruary%2Ftheuae_february121.xml |archivedate=9 February 2008 |deadurl=no |df= }}
4. ^{{cite news|url=http://thejakartapost.com/news/2008/02/29/internet-capacity-down-10.html |title=Internet capacity down to 10% |work=The Jakarta Post |date=2008-02-29 |accessdate=1 March 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303185053/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/02/29/internet-capacity-down-10.html |archivedate=3 March 2008 |deadurl=no |df= }}
5. ^{{cite news|first=Malcolm |last=Fried |author2=Klemming, Lars |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=ayPbWf_7l17w |title=Severed Cables in Mediterranean Disrupt Communication (Update4) |publisher=Bloomberg |date=2008-12-19 |accessdate=2009-01-12}}
6. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20081219/local/go-submarine-cable-fault-part-of-wider-number-between-italy-and-egypt |title=GO submarine cable fault part of wider disruption between Italy and Egypt |publisher=timesofmalta.com |date=2008-12-19 |accessdate=2009-01-12| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081225171226/http://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20081219/local/go-submarine-cable-fault-part-of-wider-number-between-italy-and-egypt| archivedate= 25 December 2008 | deadurl= no}}
7. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.telecompaper.com/news/article.aspx?cid=650982 |title=Mediterrean submarine cables are cut, affecting internet |publisher=Telecompaper |date=19 December 2008 |accessdate=2009-01-12}}
8. ^{{cite news| title=Deep sea cable snap will make Internet slower: du | url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data/theuae/2011/December/theuae_December715.xml§ion=theuae| publisher=khaleejtimes.com| date=27 December 2011| accessdate=27 December 2011}}
9. ^{{cite news| title=Cable cut slows down Internet in UAE| url=http://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/cable-cut-slows-down-internet-in-uae-2011-12-26-1.434621| publisher=emirates247.com| date=26 December 2011| accessdate=27 December 2011}}
10. ^{{cite news| title=Cable cuts could slow Emirates Internet| url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/company-cable-cuts-could-slow-143049901.html| publisher=finance.yahoo.com| date=26 December 2011| accessdate=27 December 2011}}
11. ^{{cite news| title=du alerts customers over disruption in Internet services | url=http://gulftoday.ae/portal/be625050-5cf4-47be-8a68-431308642e28.aspx| publisher=gulftoday.ae| date=27 December 2011| accessdate=27 December 2011}}
12. ^{{Cite web|url=http://b2b.renesys.com/eventsbulletin/2012/11/SY-1354184790.html|title=77 networks out in Syria - Internet Events Bulletin|website=b2b.renesys.com|access-date=2019-01-08}}
13. ^{{Cite web|url=https://blog.cloudflare.com/how-syria-turned-off-the-internet/|title=How Syria Turned Off the Internet|date=2012-11-29|website=The Cloudflare Blog|language=en|access-date=2019-01-08}}
14. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/13/snowden-nsa-syria-internet-outage-civil-war|title=Snowden: NSA accidentally caused Syria's internet blackout in 2012|last=Ackerman|first=Spencer|date=2014-08-13|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-01-08|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}
15. ^{{cite web | url=https://krebsonsecurity.com/2016/11/new-mirai-worm-knocks-900k-germans-offline/ | title=New Mirai Worm Knocks 900K Germans Offline | publisher=krebsonsecurity.com | date=30 November 2016 | accessdate=14 December 2016 | author=Krebs, Brian}}
16. ^{{cite web|title=German leaders angry at cyberattack, hint at Russian involvement|url=http://www.dw.com/en/german-leaders-angry-at-cyberattack-hint-at-russian-involvement/a-36573668|publisher=Deutsche Welle|accessdate=5 January 2017}}
17. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.incapsula.com/blog/new-variant-mirai-embeds-talktalk-home-routers.html|title=New Mirai Variant Embeds in TalkTalk Home Routers|website=www.incapsula.com|access-date=2016-12-18}}
18. ^{{cite web|title=Hackers suspected as 900,000 hit by internet outage|url=https://www.thelocal.de/20161128/mass-internet-outrage-hits-900000-telekom-users|accessdate=19 February 2017}}
19. ^{{cite web|title=German internet outage was failed botnet attempt: report|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-deutsche-telekom-outages-idUSKBN13N12K|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=19 February 2017|date=29 November 2016}}
20. ^{{cite web|title=Unprecedented cyber attack takes Liberia's entire internet down|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2016/11/04/unprecedented-cyber-attack-takes-liberias-entire-internet-down/|publisher=The Telegraph|accessdate=21 November 2016}}
21. ^{{cite web|title=DDoS attack from Mirai malware 'killing business' in Liberia|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/3138631/security/ddos-attack-from-mirai-malware-killing-business-in-liberia.html|publisher=PCWorld|accessdate=21 November 2016}}
22. ^{{cite web|title=Massive cyber-attack grinds Liberia's internet to a halt|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/nov/03/cyberattack-internet-liberia-ddos-hack-botnet|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=21 November 2016}}
23. ^{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/10/21/many-sites-including-twitter-and-spotify-suffering-outage/|title=Many sites including Twitter, Shopify and Spotify suffering outage|last=Etherington|first=Darrell|last2=Conger|first2=Kate|website=TechCrunch|access-date=2016-10-21}}
24. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-10-21/internet-service-disrupted-in-large-parts-of-eastern-u-s|title=The Possible Vendetta Behind the East Coast Web Slowdown|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|access-date=2016-10-21}}
25. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/10/internet-outage-ddos-dns-dyn/|title=What We Know About Friday’s Massive East Coast Internet Outage|last=Newman|first=Lily Hay|newspaper=WIRED|language=en-US|access-date=2016-10-21}}
26. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/oct/26/ddos-attack-dyn-mirai-botnet|title=DDoS attack that disrupted internet was largest of its kind in history, experts say|last=Woolf|first=Nicky|date=2016-10-26|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2016-10-28}}
27. ^{{cite news|agency=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/06/georgian-woman-cuts-web-access|title=Georgian woman cuts off web access to whole of Armenia|date=6 April 2011|accessdate=11 April 2012}}
28. ^{{cite web|last=Cowie |first=James |title=Egypt Leaves the Internet |publisher=Renesys |url=http://www.renesys.com/blog/2011/01/egypt-leaves-the-internet.shtml |accessdate=28 January 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5w51j0pga?url=http://www.renesys.com/blog/2011/01/egypt-leaves-the-internet.shtml |archivedate=28 January 2011 |deadurl=no |df= }}
29. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-12306041 |work=BBC News | title=Egypt severs internet connection amid growing unrest |date=28 January 2011}}
30. ^{{cite web|last1=Condliffe|first1=Jamie|title=Cameroon’s Internet outage is damaging the country’s economy|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/603644/cameroons-internet-outage-is-draining-its-economy/|publisher=MIT Technology Review|accessdate=20 February 2017|language=en}}
31. ^{{cite web|title=Why has Cameroon blocked the internet?|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38895541|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=20 February 2017|date=8 February 2017}}
32. ^{{cite web|title=Google coding champion whose Cameroon hometown is cut off from the internet|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38922819|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=20 February 2017|date=10 February 2017}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.com/Router+glitch+cuts+Net+access/2100-1033_3-279235.html|title=Router glitch cuts Net access|date=1997-04-25|publisher=CNET News.com|accessdate=2008-07-11}}
34. ^{{cite web|title=Router glitch cuts Net access|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/router-glitch-cuts-net-access/|publisher=CNET|accessdate=19 February 2017|language=en}}
35. ^{{cite web|last1=Hiner|first1=Jason|title=Takeaways from Egypt: Kill the kill switch and decentralize the Internet|url=http://www.zdnet.com/article/takeaways-from-egypt-kill-the-kill-switch-and-decentralize-the-internet/|website=ZDNet|accessdate=19 February 2017|language=en}}

External links

  • [https://www.ted.com/talks/danny_hillis_the_internet_could_crash_we_need_a_plan_b The Internet could crash. We need a Plan B], TED talk by Danny Hillis
  • Redecentralize.org

3 : Internet architecture|Cyberwarfare|Internet censorship
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