| 词条 | Allen Newell |
| 释义 |
| name = Allen Newell | image = | image_size = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1927|3|19|mf=y}} | birth_place = San Francisco | death_date = {{death date and age|1992|7|19|1927|3|19|mf=y}} | death_place = Pittsburgh | residence = | citizenship = | nationality = | ethnicity = | field = Computer Science Cognitive Psychology | work_institution = Carnegie Mellon University | alma_mater = Stanford University Princeton University Carnegie Mellon University | doctoral_advisor = Herbert A. Simon | doctoral_students = Hans Berliner Stuart Card John E. Laird Paul Rosenbloom Frank Ritter Milind Tambe | known_for = Information Processing Language Soar | prizes = A.M. Turing Award {{small|(1975)}} IJCAI Award for Research Excellence {{small|(1989)}} IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award {{small|(1990)}} National Medal of Science {{small|(1992)}} Louis E. Levy Medal {{small|(1992)}} | religion = | footnotes = }}Allen Newell (March 19, 1927 – July 19, 1992) was a researcher in computer science and cognitive psychology at the RAND Corporation and at Carnegie Mellon University’s School of Computer Science, Tepper School of Business, and Department of Psychology. He contributed to the Information Processing Language (1956) and two of the earliest AI programs, the Logic Theory Machine (1956) and the General Problem Solver (1957) (with Herbert A. Simon). He was awarded the ACM's A.M. Turing Award along with Herbert A. Simon in 1975 for their basic contributions to artificial intelligence and the psychology of human cognition.[1][2] Early studiesNewell completed his Bachelor's degree in physics from Stanford. He was a graduate student at Princeton University during the 1949-1950, where he did mathematics. Due to his early exposure to an unknown field known as game theory and the experiences from the study of mathematics, he was convinced that he would prefer a combination of experimental and theoretical research to pure mathematics. In 1950, he left Princeton and joined the RAND Corporation in Santa Monica where he worked for "a group that was studying logistics problems of the Air Force" (Simon). His work with Joseph Kruskal led to the creation of two theories: A Model for Organization Theory and Formulating Precise Concepts in Organization Theory. Newell eventually earned his PhD from the now Tepper School of Business at Carnegie Mellon with Herbert Simon serving as his advisor. Afterwards, Newell "turned to the design and conduct of laboratory experiments on decision making in small groups" (Simon). He was dissatisfied, however, with the accuracy and validity of their findings produced from small-scale laboratory experiments. He joined with fellow RAND teammates John Kennedy, Bob Chapman, and Bill Biel at an Air Force Early Warning Station to study organizational processes in flight crews. They received funding from the Air Force in 1952 to build a simulator that would enable them to examine and analyze the interactions in the cockpit related to decision-making and information-handling. From these studies, Newell came to believe that information processing is the central activity in organizations. Artificial intelligenceIn September 1954, Newell enrolled in a seminar where Oliver Selfridge "described a running computer program that learned to recognize letters and other patterns" (Simon). This was when Allen came to believe that systems may be created and contain intelligence and have the ability to adapt. With this in mind, Allen, after a couple months, wrote in 1955 The Chess Machine: An Example of Dealing with a Complex Task by Adaptation, which "outlined an imaginative design for a computer program to play chess in humanoid fashion" (Simon). His work came to the attention of economist (and future nobel laureate) Herbert A. Simon, and, together with programmer J. C. Shaw, they developed the first true artificial intelligence program, the Logic Theorist. Newell's work on the program laid the foundations of the field. His inventions included: list processing, the most important programming paradigm used by AI ever since; the application of means-ends analysis to general reasoning (or "reasoning as search"); and the use of heuristics to limit the search space. They presented the program at the Dartmouth conference of 1956, an informal gathering of researchers who were interested in simulating intelligence with machines. The conference, now widely considered the "birth of artificial intelligence",[3] was enormously influential and those who attended became the leaders of AI research for the next two decades, Newell included. Later achievementsNewell and Simon formed a lasting partnership. They founded an artificial intelligence laboratory at Carnegie Mellon University and produced a series of important programs and theoretical insights throughout the late fifties and sixties. This work included the General Problem Solver, a highly influential implementation of means-ends analysis, and the physical symbol systems hypothesis, the controversial philosophical assertion that all intelligent behavior could be reduced to the kind of symbol manipulation that Newell's programs demonstrated. Newell's work culminated in the development of a cognitive architecture known as Soar and his unified theory of cognition, published in 1990, but their improvement was the objective of his efforts up to his death (one of the last Newell's letters). Awards and honors
The ACM - AAAI Allen Newell Award was named in his honor. The Award for Research Excellence of the Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science was also named in his honor. See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/20/us/allen-newell-65-scientist-founded-a-computing-field.html |title=Allen Newell, 65; Scientist Founded A Computing Field |publisher=The New York Times |date={{Format date|1992|07|20}} |accessdate={{Format date|2010|11|28}}}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nap.edu/html/biomems/anewell.html |title=Allen Newell, Biographical Memoirs | author=Herbert A. Simon |publisher=United States National Academy of Sciences |accessdate={{Format date|2010|11|28}}}} 3. ^{{Harvnb|Crevier|1993|pp=49–51}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nasonline.org/site/Dir?sid=1021&view=basic&pg=srch |title=Search Deceased Member Data |publisher=United States National Academy of Sciences |accessdate={{Format date|2011|7|16}}}} Search with Newell as last name. 5. ^{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter N|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterN.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences |accessdate={{Format date|2011|7|16}}}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://awards.acm.org/homepage.cfm?srt=all&awd=140 |title=A. M. Turing Award |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |accessdate={{Format date|2011|2|10}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212132624/http://awards.acm.org/homepage.cfm?srt=all&awd=140 |archivedate=2009-12-12 }} 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.gf.org/fellows/results?query=Newell&lower_bound=1976&upper_bound=1977&competition=ALL&fellowship_category=ALL&x=17&y=9 |title=Search Fellows |publisher=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation |accessdate={{Format date|2011|7|18}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923032248/http://www.gf.org/fellows/results?query=Newell&lower_bound=1976&upper_bound=1977&competition=ALL&fellowship_category=ALL&x=17&y=9 |archivedate=2012-09-23 |df= }} Search for Newell between 1976 and 1977. 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nae.edu/MembersSection/Directory20412/28821.aspx |title=NAE Members Directory - Dr. Allen Newell |publisher=United States National Academy of Engineering |accessdate={{Format date|2011|1|22}}}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/pioneer#_118_tabs_WAR_pluginsui_INSTANCE_d0QT_tab2 |title=Computer Pioneer Charter Recipients |publisher=IEEE Computer Society |accessdate={{Format date|2011|7|16}}}} 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ieee.org/documents/piore_rl.pdf |title=IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award Recipients |publisher=IEEE |accessdate={{Format date|2010|12|30}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124232834/http://ieee.org/documents/piore_rl.pdf |archive-date=2010-11-24 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ieee.org/documents/baker_rl.pdf |title=IEEE W.R.G. Baker Prize Paper Award Recipients |publisher=IEEE |accessdate={{Format date|2010|11|28}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yCQiCmPi?url=http://www.ieee.org/documents/baker_rl.pdf |archivedate=April 25, 2011 |df= }} 12. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.cfm?recip_id=254 |title=The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details Allen Newell |publisher=US National Science Foundation |accessdate={{Format date|2010|11|28}}}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fi.edu/winners/show_results.faw?gs=&ln=&fn=&keyword=&subject=&award=LEVY+&sy=1923&ey=1999&name=Submit |title=Franklin Laureate Database - Louis E. Levy Medal Laureates |publisher=Franklin Institute |accessdate={{Format date|2011|1|22}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629195033/http://www.fi.edu/winners/show_results.faw?gs=&ln=&fn=&keyword=&subject=&award=LEVY+&sy=1923&ey=1999&name=Submit |archivedate=June 29, 2011 |df= }} Further reading
External links{{wikiquote-inline}}{{Turing award}}{{Winners of the National Medal of Science|math-stat-comp}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Newell, Allen}} 13 : 1927 births|1992 deaths|Carnegie Mellon University faculty|Cognitive scientists|National Medal of Science laureates|Turing Award laureates|History of artificial intelligence|Princeton University alumni|Tepper School of Business alumni|Consciousness researchers and theorists|Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences|Guggenheim Fellows|Presidents of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence |
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