| 词条 | Kalamata | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name = Kalamata |name_local = Καλαμάτα |image_map = 2011 Dimos Kalamatas.png |image_skyline = Kalamata, Peloponnese, Greece.jpg |caption_skyline = Kalamata's promenade. |city_flag = |city_seal = |coordinates = {{coord|37|2|N|22|7|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |elevation_min = 0 |elevation_max = 21 |periph = Peloponnese |periphunit = Messenia |pop_municipality = 69849 |area_municipality = 440.3 |pop_municunit = 62409 |area_municunit = 253.3 |pop_community = 54,567 |districts = |mayor = Panagiotis Nikas |party = ND |since = 29 December 2010 |population_as_of = 2011 |postal_code = 241 00 |area_code = 27210 |licence = KM |website = {{URL|www.kalamata.gr}} }} Kalamata ({{lang-el|Καλαμάτα}} Kalamáta) is the second most populous city of the Peloponnese peninsula, after Patras, in southern Greece and the largest city of the homonymous administrative region. The capital and chief port of the Messenia regional unit, it lies along the Nedon River at the head of the Messenian Gulf. The 2011 census recorded 69,849 inhabitants for the wider Kalamata Municipality, of which 62,409 in the municipal unit of Kalamata proper. Kalamata is renowned as the land of the Kalamatianos dance and Kalamata olives. NameThe modern name Kalamáta is a corruption of the older name Καλάμαι, Kalámai, "reeds"{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}. The phonetic similarity of Kalamáta with the phrase "kalá mátia" ("good eyes") has led to various folk etymologies. AdministrationThe municipality Kalamata was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 4 former municipalities, that became municipal units:[1]
The municipality has an area of 440.313 km2, the municipal unit 253.279 km2.[2] SubdivisionsThe municipal unit of Kalamata is subdivided into the following communities (population according to the 2011 census and settlements within the district in brackets): Municipal communities (population over 2,000)
Local communities (population under 2,000)
ProvinceThe province of Kalamata ({{lang-el|Επαρχία Καλαμών}}) was one of the provinces of the Messenia Prefecture. Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipalities Kalamata and West Mani.[3] It was abolished in 2006. HistoryThe history of Kalamata begins with Homer, who mentions Firai, an ancient city built more or less where the Kalamata Castle stands today. It was believed that during ancient times the area that the city presently occupies was covered by the sea, but the proto-Greek and archaic period remains (Poseidon temple) that were unearthed at Akovitika region prove the opposite. Middle AgesPharai was rather unimportant in antiquity, and the site continued in obscurity until middle Byzantine times. Kalamata is first mentioned in the 10th-century Life of St. Nikon the Metanoeite, and experienced a period of prosperity in the 11th–12th centuries, as attested by the five surviving churches built in this period, including the Church of the Holy Apostles, as well as the comments of the Arab geographer al-Idrisi, who calls it a "large and populous" town.[4] Following the Fourth Crusade, Kalamata was conquered by Frankish feudal lords William of Champlitte and Geoffrey of Villehardouin in 1205, when its Byzantine fortress was apparently in so bad a state that it could not be defended against them. Thus the town became part of the Principality of Achaea, and after Champlitte granted its possession to Geoffrey of Villehardouin, the town was the center of the Villehardouins' patrimony in the Principality. Prince William II of Villehardouin was born and died there.[4][5] After William II's death in 1278, Kalamata remained in the hands of his widow, Anna Komnene Doukaina, but when she remarried to Nicholas II of Saint Omer, King Charles of Anjou was loath to see this important castle in the hands of a vassal, and in 1282 Anna exchanged it with lands elsewhere in Messenia.[5] In 1292 or 1293, two local Melingoi Slavic captains managed to capture the fortress of Kalamata by a ruse and, aided by 600 of their fellow villagers, took over the entire lower town as well in the name of the Byzantine emperor, Andronikos II Palaiologos. Constable John Chauderon in vain tried to secure their surrender, and was sent to Constantinople, where Andronikos agreed to hand the town over, but then immediately ordered his governor in Mystras not to do so. In the event, the town was recovered by the Franks through the intercession of a local Greek, a certain Sgouromalles.[6] In 1298, the town formed the dowry of Princess Matilda of Hainaut upon her marriage to Guy II de la Roche. Matilda retained Kalamata as her fief until 1322, when she was dispossessed and the territory reverted to the princely domain.[5] In 1358, Prince Robert gifted the châtellenie of Kalamata (comprising also Port-de-Jonc and Mani) to his wife, Marie de Bourbon, who kept it until her death in 1377.[5] The town remained one of the largest in the Morea—a 1391 document places it, with 300 hearths, on par with Glarentza—but it nevertheless declined in importance throughout the 14th and 15th centuries in favour of other nearby sites like Androusa. Kalamata remained in Frankish hands until near the end of the Principality of Achaea, coming under the control of the Byzantine Despotate of the Morea only in 1428.[5] Ottoman period and War of IndependenceKalamata was occupied by the Ottomans from 1481 to 1685, like the rest of Greece. In 1659, during the long war between Ottomans and Venetians over Crete, the Venetian commander Francesco Morosini, came into contact with the rebellious Maniots, for a joint campaign in the Morea, in the course of which he took Kalamata. He was soon after forced to return to Crete, but the Venetians returned in the Morean War. The Venetian Republic ruled Kalamata from 1685 as part of the "Kingdom of the Morea" ({{lang-it|Regno di Morea}}). During the Venetian occupation the city was fortified, developed and thrived economically. However, the Ottomans reoccupied Kalamata in the war of 1715 and controlled it until the Greek War of Independence. Kalamata was the first city to be liberated as the Greeks rose in the Greek War of Independence. On 23 March 1821, it was taken over by the Greek revolutionary forces under the command of generals Theodoros Kolokotronis, Petros Mavromichalis and Papaflessas. However, in 1825, the invading Ibrahim Pasha destroyed the city. Modern periodIn independent Greece, Kalamata was rebuilt and became one of the most important ports in the Mediterranean sea. It is not surprising that the second-oldest Chamber of Commerce in the Mediterranean, after that of Marseille, exists in Kalamata. During World War II on 29 April 1941, a battle was fought near the port between the invading German forces and the 2nd New Zealand Division, for which Jack Hinton was later awarded the Victoria Cross. Kalamata was again in the news on 13 September 1986, when it was hit by an earthquake that measured 6.2 on the surface wave magnitude scale. It was described as "moderately strong" but caused heavy damage throughout the city, killed 20 people and injured 330 others.[7][8][9][10] Following this severe damage, the local authorities and individuals strained their financial resources to bring a wind of change to the capital of Messinia. Due to these efforts, Kalamata has now developed into a modern provincial capital and has returned to growth during the recent years. Today, Kalamata has the second largest population and mercantile activity in Peloponnese. It makes important exports, particularly of local products such as raisins, olives and olive oil. It is also the seat of the Metropolitan Bishop of Messenia. The current Metropolitan Bishop is Chrysostomus III, since 15 March 2007. SightsMaria Callas Alumni Association of the Music School of Kalamata / "Maria Callas Museum" www.mariacallas.gr There are numerous historical and cultural sights in Kalamata, such as the Villehardouin castle, the Ypapanti Byzantine church, the Kalograion monastery with its silk-weaving workshop where the Kalamata scarves are made, and the municipal railway park. The Church of the Holy Apostles is where Mavromichalis declared the revolt against Ottoman rule in 1821. Art collections are housed at the Municipal Gallery, the Archaeological Museum of Messenia and the Folk Art Museum.
Cathedral of YpapantiKalamata’s cathedral of the Ypapanti (Presentation of the Lord to the Temple) nestles beneath the 14th-century Frankish castle. The foundation stone was laid on January 25, 1860, and the building was consecrated on August 19, 1873. It suffered great damage during the 1986 earthquake,[9] but was subsequently restored. The Festival of the Ypapanti (27 January through 9 February) is of national importance for the Greek Orthodox Church and, locally, the occasion for a holiday (2 February), when the litany of what is believed to be a miraculous icon, first introduced in 1889, takes place. In late January 2010 the city hosted the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the cathedral. He was offered the golden key of the city. The region around Kalamata has provided two Ecumenical patriarchs in the past. EconomyKalamata's Chamber of Commerce is the second-oldest in the Mediterranean after Marseille. Kalamata is well-known for its black Kalamata olives. Karelia Tobacco Company has been in operation in Kalamata since 1888. Historical population
ClimateKalamata has a Mediterranean Climate (Csa) with mild, and wet winters and dry, hot summers. Kalamata receives plenty of precipitation days in winter. Summers are very hot and dry. The maximum temperature ever recorded at Kalamata is 45,6 °C and the minimum ever recorded is -5 °C. {{Weather box|location=Kalamata |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = 23.0 |Feb record high C = 23.6 |Mar record high C = 25.2 |Apr record high C = 29.8 |May record high C = 37.0 |Jun record high C = 41.8 |Jul record high C = 45.6 |Aug record high C = 39.4 |Sep record high C = 38.4 |Oct record high C = 32.8 |Nov record high C = 29.0 |Dec record high C = 26.0 |year record high C = 45.6 |Jan high C = 15.3 |Feb high C = 15.5 |Mar high C = 17.1 |Apr high C = 19.9 |May high C = 24.3 |Jun high C = 28.8 |Jul high C = 32.1 |Aug high C = 31.3 |Sep high C = 28.7 |Oct high C = 24.7 |Nov high C = 20.5 |Dec high C = 16.7 |year high C = |Jan mean C = 10.2 |Feb mean C = 10.6 |Mar mean C = 12.3 |Apr mean C = 15.2 |May mean C = 19.7 |Jun mean C = 24.1 |Jul mean C = 26.4 |Aug mean C = 26.3 |Sep mean C = 23.2 |Oct mean C = 18.9 |Nov mean C = 14.8 |Dec mean C = 11.7 |year mean C = |Jan low C = 5.7 |Feb low C = 5.7 |Mar low C = 6.8 |Apr low C = 8.9 |May low C = 12.4 |Jun low C = 16.0 |Jul low C = 18.1 |Aug low C = 18.4 |Sep low C = 16.2 |Oct low C = 13.2 |Nov low C = 9.9 |Dec low C = 7.2 |year low C = |Jan record low C = -5.0 |Feb record low C = -3.2 |Mar record low C = -3.6 |Apr record low C = 2.4 |May record low C = 5.4 |Jun record low C = 9.0 |Jul record low C = 12.0 |Aug record low C = 12.4 |Sep record low C = 9.6 |Oct record low C = 4.2 |Nov record low C = -0.4 |Dec record low C = -2.0 |year record low C = |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 111.7 |Feb precipitation mm = 94.1 |Mar precipitation mm = 73.0 |Apr precipitation mm = 48.5 |May precipitation mm = 25.6 |Jun precipitation mm = 7.5 |Jul precipitation mm = 4.2 |Aug precipitation mm = 11.3 |Sep precipitation mm = 29.1 |Oct precipitation mm = 85.3 |Nov precipitation mm = 137.4 |Dec precipitation mm = 152.6 |year precipitation mm = 780.3 |Jan precipitation days = 12.3 |Feb precipitation days = 10.9 |Mar precipitation days = 10.3 |Apr precipitation days = 6.1 |May precipitation days = 5.1 |Jun precipitation days = 1.9 |Jul precipitation days = 0.3 |Aug precipitation days = 0.4 |Sep precipitation days = 1.9 |Oct precipitation days = 6.9 |Nov precipitation days = 10.0 |Dec precipitation days = 11.6 |year precipitation days = |Jan humidity = 72.6 |Feb humidity = 71.7 |Mar humidity = 71.2 |Apr humidity = 70.4 |May humidity = 66.3 |Jun humidity = 58.6 |Jul humidity = 58.0 |Aug humidity = 61.1 |Sep humidity = 65.2 |Oct humidity = 69.3 |Nov humidity = 74.8 |Dec humidity = 75.0 |year humidity = 70.1 |Jan sun = 143.6 |Feb sun = 140.8 |Mar sun = 185.9 |Apr sun = 212.2 |May sun = 286.0 |Jun sun = 338.2 |Jul sun = 367.6 |Aug sun = 346.6 |Sep sun = 269.9 |Oct sun = 205.6 |Nov sun = 150.6 |Dec sun = 131.1 |year sun = 2778.1 |source 1 = Greek National Weather Service |source 2 = NOAA[14] |date = January 2012}} TransportationKalamata is accessed by GR-7/E55/E65 in the west and GR-82 runs through Kalamata and into the Taygetus. The motorway to Kalamata from Tripoli is complete[15] Kalamata is served by a metre gauge railway line of the former Piraeus, Athens and Peloponnese Railways, now owned by the Hellenic Railways Organisation (OSE). There is a station and a small freight yard in the city, as well as a rolling stock maintenance depot to the north. There used to be a mainline train service to Kyparissia, Pyrgos and Patras, and a suburban service to Messini and the General Hospital. However, in December 2010 all train services from Kalamata, along with those in the rest of the Peloponnese south of Corinth, were discontinued on economic grounds, and the train station is now closed. A previously disused extension line to the port is now a Railway Park, with old steam engines on display and a cafe in the old station building. There is a bus link (KTEL) to Tripoli, Corinth and Athens with frequent services. Ferries are available to places such as the Greek islands of Kythira and Crete in the summer months. Also in the summer months, charter and scheduled flights fly direct to Kalamata International Airport from some European cities. A scheduled service by Aegean Air once a day linking Kalamata and Athens International Airport commenced in 2010. CuisineLocal specialities:
Notable people
Sporting teamsKalamata hosts a lot of notable sport clubs with earlier presence in the higher national divisions in Greek football. It also hosts one of the oldest Greek club, the club Messiniakos FC founded in 1888.
International relations{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Greece}}Twin towns—sister citiesKalamata is twinned with:
References1. ^Kallikratis law Greece Ministry of Interior {{el icon}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00098%20.pdf |publisher=National Statistical Service of Greece |title=Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation) |language=el |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921212047/http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00098%20.pdf |archivedate=21 September 2015 |df= }} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00086.pdf |title=Detailed census results 1991 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183824/http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00086.pdf |archivedate= 3 March 2016 |df= }} {{small|(39 MB)}} {{el icon}} {{fr icon}} 4. ^1 {{cite encyclopedia | last = Gregory | first = Timothy E. | title = Kalamata | page = 1091 | editor-last=Kazhdan | editor-first=Alexander | editor-link=Alexander Kazhdan | year=1991 | encyclopedia = The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium | location = Oxford and New York | publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-504652-6 }} 5. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book | last = Bon | first = Antoine | title = La Morée franque. Recherches historiques, topographiques et archéologiques sur la principauté d’Achaïe | year = 1969 | language = French | publisher = De Boccard | location = Paris | url = http://cefael.efa.gr/detail.php?site_id=1&actionID=page&serie_id=BefarA&volume_number=213&issue_number=1 | pages=408–410}} 6. ^{{cite book | last = Bon | first = Antoine | title = La Morée franque. Recherches historiques, topographiques et archéologiques sur la principauté d’Achaïe | year = 1969 | language = French | publisher = De Boccard | location = Paris | url = http://cefael.efa.gr/detail.php?site_id=1&actionID=page&serie_id=BefarA&volume_number=213&issue_number=1 | page=168}} 7. ^{{cite journal | doi = 10.1193/1.1585434 | volume=3 | title=The Kalamata, Greece, Earthquake of September 13, 1986 | journal=Earthquake Spectra | pages=365–402}} 8. ^{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article131839179 |title=GREECE Kalamata now tent city |newspaper=The Canberra Times |volume=61, |issue=18,614 |location=Australian Capital Territory, Australia |date=18 September 1986 |accessdate=24 February 2017 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}} 9. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article131838647 |title=World news: Earthquake in south Greece kills ten|newspaper=The Canberra Times |volume=61, |issue=18,611 |location=Australian Capital Territory, Australia |date=15 September 1986 |accessdate=24 February 2017 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}} 10. ^{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article131838812 |title=More tremors in Greek town |newspaper=The Canberra Times |volume=61, |issue=18,612 |location=Australian Capital Territory, Australia |date=16 September 1986 |accessdate=24 February 2017 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://culture.kalamata.gr/v1/museum/view_museum/1 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-02-08 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505050930/http://culture.kalamata.gr/v1/museum/view_museum/1 |archivedate= 5 May 2013 |df= }} 12. ^Castle of Kalamata Greek Castles 13. ^{{Cite web|url=http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/1/eh151.jsp?obj_id=3499&theme_id=30 |title=Hellenic Ministry of Culture | Railway Museum of the Municipality of Kalamata |publisher=Odysseus.culture.gr |date= |accessdate=2009-09-21}} 14. ^{{cite web| url = ftp://dossier.ogp.noaa.gov/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-VI/GR/16726.TXT| title = Kalamata Climate Normals 1961-1990| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration| accessdate = January 29, 2013}} 15. ^https://www.eleftheriaonline.gr/local/oikonomia/ypodomes/item/109082-paradothike-stin-kykloforia-o-perifereiakos-tis-kalamatas 16. ^{{Cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-09/21/content_12089602.htm |title=China's Xi'an forges sister city ties with Greece's Kalamata _English_Xinhua |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date= |accessdate=2009-09-21}} External links{{Commons category|Kalamata}}{{wikivoyage|Kalamata}}
7 : Kalamata|Municipalities of Peloponnese (region)|Populated places in Messenia|Mediterranean port cities and towns in Greece|Greek prefectural capitals|Castles in the Peloponnese|Byzantine sites in Peloponnese (region) |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。