| 词条 | John Frost Bridge |
| 释义 |
|bridge_name= John Frost Bridge |image=John frostbrug.jpg |caption= |official_name= |carries= |crosses= Lower Rhine |locale= |maint= |design= |mainspan= |length= |width= |height= |clearance= |below= |traffic= |open= 1948 |closed= |toll= | map_type = Netherlands | map_relief = | map_dot_label = John Frost Bridge |map_image = |map_text= |map_width= |coordinates= {{Coord|51|58|29|N|5|54|43|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} }} John Frost Bridge (John Frostbrug in Dutch) is the road bridge over the Lower Rhine at Arnhem, in the Netherlands. The bridge is named after Major-General John Dutton Frost (1912–1993), who commanded the British forces that reached and defended the bridge during the Battle of Arnhem in September 1944. The bridge was featured in the 1977 film A Bridge Too Far, although a different bridge was used for the film. HistoryRijnbrugThere had been a floating bridge at Arnhem since 1603 but as the city grew in the early 20th century a permanent link across the Lower Rhine was needed. The Rijnbrug (literally Rhine bridge) was constructed between 1932 and 1935, but was destroyed by Dutch engineers in 1940 to slow the German advance during the invasion of the Netherlands.[1] The Germans had need of the bridge however, and a pontoon bridge acted as a temporary replacement while the road bridge was repaired. The bridge was finished in August 1944.[2] The Battle of Arnhem{{main|Battle of Arnhem}}In September 1944 the Allies launched Operation Market Garden. The road bridge across the Lower Rhine should have been the final objective of the operation, and its capture was tasked to the British 1st Airborne Division. Unexpected German resistance in Arnhem meant that only a small force of some 740 men were able to reach the northern end of the bridge, commanded by Lt-Colonel John Frost. On the night of the 17 September the British attempted to take the southern end of the bridge, using a flame thrower to destroy German positions in the bridge's towers. This accidentally ignited an ammunition store and the fresh paint on the bridge caught fire, illuminating the area for most of the night and forcing the British to abandon their attempt.[3] The German forces in Arnhem eventually overwhelmed Frost's men, although this took several days. They had however succeeded in closing the bridge to German armour for some four days, twice as long as a whole division was expected to hold the bridge. The rest of the division held out at nearby Oosterbeek until 25 September before being evacuated across the river. Although the bridge survived the battle, it was bombed and destroyed by B-26 Marauders of the 344th Bomb Group on 7 October 1944 to prevent the Germans from using it to send reinforcements south of the river.[4] John FrostbrugArnhem was captured and liberated in April 1945 and a Bailey bridge was erected alongside the remains of the bridge. The temporary bridge was too low for ships to pass underneath and was replaced by a higher Bailey bridge. Later, a new Rijnbrug was rebuilt in exactly the same style as the destroyed bridge; it opened in 1948.[5] The bridge was depicted in the 1977 film A Bridge Too Far, but because the buildings near the bridge in Arnhem had changed so much since the war, the film was actually shot at Deventer where a similar bridge spans the IJssel. The Arnhem road bridge was officially renamed the John Frostbrug on 17 December 1977.[6] On 8 May 1995 the World Liberty Concert was held at the bridge in honour of the 50th anniversary of the liberation of Europe. It was one of the largest memorial concerts ever held in the Netherlands.[7] Other bridges at ArnhemArnhem has three bridges over the Lower Rhine: the John Frost Bridge, the Nelson Mandela Bridge and the Andrei Sakharov Bridge. There are plans for a new bridge over the Lower Rhine at Oosterbeek, to be named after Stanisław Sosabowski. Art installations{{unsourced section|date=February 2019}}In response to the history of the John Frost Bridge and the battle of Arnhem, Polina Slavova, a first year graphic design student at ArtEZ University of Arts, created the temporary art installation Between-Fire-Starter. The installation is originally assigned as a typographical spatial design project, including a location of choice and 3 words, corresponding to the particular location. The 3 words fire, between, starter suit perfectly the story behind the bridge, which inspired the student for creating the installation. The installation consists of geometric statue of a hand and a fire-like drapery. The hand represents the human as a starter, creator of beautiful things, but also the creator of war, a fire starter. The material used for the statue is metal and combined with the structure, reminds even more of the bridge. The drapery brings more color and shape into the artwork, although it is, again, a representation of the fire in war. It also is used to implement the 3 words into the metal statue, which could be seen only from a certain point of view. As a whole, the artwork is a mix of the softness of the fabric and the cold metal, reminding of weapons during war. However, this temporary work could not be found on the John Frost bridge anymore. Notes1. ^Middlebrook, p52 2. ^Steer, p97 3. ^Steer, p99 4. ^Middlebrook, p449 5. ^Ramsey 6. ^Frost, preface p16 7. ^Profac.nl References
| editor-last = Ramsey | editor-first = Winston G. | title = Arnhem | newspaper = After the Battle | issue = Number 2 | pages = 1–25 | year = 1973 | url = | postscript = }}
External links{{commons category|John Frost Bridge}}
8 : Bridges completed in 1948|Bridges over the Rhine|Road bridges in the Netherlands|Steel bridges in the Netherlands|Bridges in Gelderland|Rijksmonuments in Arnhem|World War II sites in the Netherlands|Operation Market Garden |
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