| 词条 | Kaiser-class ironclad | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Kaiser class of ironclad warships was a pair of vessels built for the German Imperial Navy in the early 1870s. The lead ship, {{SMS|Kaiser|1874|2}}, was laid down in 1871 and launched in 1874. {{SMS|Deutschland|1874|2}} was laid down in 1872 and launched in 1874; both ships were built by the Samuda Brothers shipyard in London. They were the last German capital ships built by a foreign shipyard. Built as armored frigates, the ships were armed with a main battery of eight {{convert|26|cm|abbr=on}} guns in a central armored battery and were capable of a top speed of {{convert|14|kn}}. Both ships served with the fleet following their commissioning in 1875, though they spent a significant part of their career in reserve, as Germany maintained only a small number of ships on active duty for training cruises in the period. The ships were substantially rebuilt in the 1890s into armored cruisers and stationed in Asia for three years. Kaiser was the flagship of Otto von Diederichs's East Asia Squadron during the Kiautschou Bay concession seizure in November 1897. Following their return to Germany in 1899–1900, the ships were used in several secondary roles, including as harbor and barracks ships. The ships were stricken from the naval register in 1906; Deutschland was used as a target ship before being sold for scrap in 1908, though Kaiser served on as a floating barracks until she was sold in 1920. DesignThe Kaiser-class design was prepared in 1869 by Sir Edward Reed; their construction was awarded to the Samuda Brothers shipyard in London.{{sfn|Gardiner|p=245}} The ships were the last German capital ships to be built abroad. All subsequent German capital ships were built by German shipbuilders.{{sfn|Sondhaus Naval Warfare|p=120}} Kaiser and Deutschland were laid down in 1871 and 1872, respectively. Kaiser was launched on 19 March 1874 and commissioned into the fleet on 13 February 1875. Deutschland was launched on 12 September 1874 and joined her sister in the fleet on 20 July 1875.{{sfn|Gröner|pp=6–7}} General characteristicsThe Kaiser-class ships were {{convert|88.50|m|ftin|abbr=on}} long at the waterline and {{convert|89.34|m|ftin|sp=us}} long overall. They had a beam of {{convert|19.10|m|ftin|abbr=on}} and a draft of {{convert|7.39|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. At the designed displacement, the vessels displaced {{convert|7654|t|LT|sp=us}}. When the vessels were fully loaded, they displaced {{convert|8940|t|LT|abbr=on}}. Their hulls were built with transverse bulkheads and double longitudinal iron frames; iron plating covered teak backing. The ships had nine watertight compartments and a double bottom that ran for 59 percent of the hull length.{{sfn|Gröner|p=6}} The German navy regarded the ships as good sea boats, very sensitive to commands from the helm, and with a gentle motion. The ships had a moderate turning radius and were very stable. Their standard complement consisted of 32 officers and 568 enlisted men, and while serving as a squadron flagship, this could be augmented by an additional nine officers and 47 sailors. When serving as the second flagship, the crew was increased by six officers and 35 enlisted men. After their reconstruction in the 1890s, the ships' crews were significantly increased, to 36 officers and 620 enlisted men. The size of the command staffs grew as well, to 11 officers and 57 enlisted for the squadron flagship and nine officers and 48 men for the second flagship. The ships carried a number of smaller boats, including one picket boat, two launches, one pinnace, two cutters, two yawls, and two dinghies.{{sfn|Gröner|p=7}} The three ships were powered by a two-cylinder single expansion engine built by John Penn and Sons of Greenwich. The ships' engines drove a single four-bladed screw that was {{convert|6.86|m|ftin|abbr=on}} in diameter. The engines were supplied with steam by eight coal-fired trunk boilers, which were also provided by J Penn & Sons. The eight boilers were trunked into two large, retractable funnels. They were also equipped with a full ship rig with a total surface area of {{convert|1623|m2|abbr=on}}. Three generators provided 30 kilowatts of electrical power.{{sfn|Gröner|p=6}} The ships' designed speed was {{convert|14|kn|lk=in}}, at over {{convert|5600|ihp}}. The ships were designed to store {{convert|680|MT|abbr=on}} of coal, though Deutschland was modified to carry up to {{convert|880|MT|abbr=on}}. Kaiser was able to steam for {{convert|2470|nmi|lk=in}} at a cruising speed of {{convert|10|kn}}, though due to her significantly greater fuel capacity, Deutschland could steam for {{convert|3200|nmi|abbr=on}} at that speed. At maximum speed, the ships' ranges were reduced to {{convert|1115|nmi|abbr=on}} and {{convert|1440|nmi|abbr=on}}, respectively.{{sfn|Gröner|p=6}} Armament and armorThe Kaiser-class ships were armed with eight {{convert|26|cm|in|abbr=on}} L/20 guns mounted in a central armored battery amidships.{{efn|name=gun nomenclature}} These guns were supplied with 768 rounds of ammunition. They could depress to −4° and elevate to 9°; this enabled a maximum range of {{convert|5200|m|yd|abbr=on}}. As built, the ships were also equipped with one {{convert|21|cm|in|abbr=on}} L/22 gun. The 21 cm weapon had a maximum range of {{convert|5900|m|yd|abbr=on}}. Between 1891–1897, Kaiser and Deutschland were rebuilt and their armament was significantly altered. Kaiser was equipped with one {{convert|15|cm|abbr=on}} L/30 gun, six {{convert|10.5|cm|abbr=on}} SK L/30 quick-firing guns, and nine {{convert|8.8|cm|2|abbr=on}} SK L/30 quick-firing guns, while eight 15 cm L/30 and eight 8.8 cm SK L/30 guns were installed on Deutschland. Four {{convert|3.7|cm|abbr=on}} auto-cannon were added as well.{{sfn|Gröner|p=6}} Both ships also had five {{convert|35|cm|abbr=on}} torpedo tubes added: Deutschland{{'}}s tubes were installed in the hull, underwater, while Kaiser{{'}}s tubes were placed above water. Both ships had a stock of 13 torpedoes.{{sfn|Gröner|pp=6–7}} The ships' armor was made of wrought iron and backed with teak. The armored belt ranged in thickness from {{convert|127|to|254|mm|in|abbr=on}} and was backed with {{convert|90|to|226|mm|in|abbr=on}} of teak. Their decks were {{convert|38|to|51|mm|abbr=on}} thick. Kaiser{{'}}s conning tower was protected with a {{convert|30|mm|abbr=on}} thick roof and {{convert|50|mm|abbr=on}} thick sides, while Deutschland{{'}}s had a 30 mm thick roof and {{convert|100|mm|abbr=on}} thick sloped side armor. The central battery, which housed the ships' main armament, was {{convert|203|mm|abbr=on}} thick on the broadside and {{convert|178|mm|abbr=on}} thick on the sloped ends. This was backed with {{convert|264|mm|abbr=on}} and {{convert|192|mm|abbr=on}} thick sections of teak, respectively.{{sfn|Gröner|p=6}} Service historyAfter their commissioning in 1875, both ships served with the fleet.{{sfn|Gröner|p=7}} They formed half of a squadron sent to the Mediterranean Sea in 1877 in response to unrest in the Ottoman Empire related to the Russo-Turkish War; the violence threatened German citizens living there. The squadron, under the command of Rear Admiral Carl Ferdinand Batsch, steamed to the ports of Haifa and Jaffa in July 1877, but found no significant tensions ashore. Batsch then departed and cruised the Mediterranean for the remainder of the summer, returning to Germany in October.{{sfn|Sondhaus Weltpolitik|p=122}} Kaiser and Deutschland were placed in reserve after the 1878 maneuvers were cancelled and remained there for a decade, with the exception of the 1883 maneuvers.{{sfn|Sondhaus Weltpolitik|pp=140–141, 161–163, 179}} During the maneuvers, both ships' steam engines proved troublesome, and indeed forced a temporary halt to the training exercises when they simultaneously broke down.{{sfn|Gottschall|p=98}} The two ships were reactivated in 1889 to participate in cruises following the coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm II. These included a state visit to Great Britain in August 1889 and a tour of the Mediterranean in the winter of 1889–1890.{{sfn|Sondhaus Weltpolitik|p=179}} Between 1891 and 1897, the two ships were heavily rebuilt as armored cruisers. They were significantly rearmed with a large number of medium and smaller caliber guns.{{sfn|Gardiner|p=245}} Kaiser served in Asian waters from 1897 to 1899, while her sister was on the Asia station from 1898 to 1900.{{sfn|Gröner|p=7}} Admiral Otto von Diederichs, then the commander of the East Asia Squadron, used Kaiser for his flagship. The ship was involved in the Kiautschou Bay concession seizure in November 1897 and was later deployed to protect German interests in the Philippines during the Spanish–American War in 1898.{{sfn|Gottschall|pp=146–190}} Kaiser and Deutschland were reduced to harbor ships on 3 May 1904. Kaiser was renamed Uranus on 12 October 1905 and Deutschland became Jupiter on 22 November of that year. The ships were stricken from the naval register on 21 May 1906; Deutschland was used briefly as a target ship in 1907 while Kaiser was used as a barracks ship for {{SMS|Württemberg|1878|2}} in Flensburg. The Kaiserliche Marine sold Deutschland in 1908 for 120,000 marks; she was broken up for scrap the following year in Hamburg-Moorburg. Kaiser was ultimately broken up in 1920 in Harburg.{{sfn|Gröner|p=7}} EndnotesNotes{{notes| notes ={{efn | name = gun nomenclature | L/20 denotes the length of the gun in terms of bore caliber. An L/20 gun is twenty calibers, meaning it is twenty times as long as it is wide in diameter. }} }}Citations References{{Commons category|Kaiser class ironclad}}
| editor-last = Gardiner | editor-first = Robert | year = 1979 | title = Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905 | publisher = Conway Maritime Press | location = Greenwich | isbn = 978-0-8317-0302-8 | ref ={{sfnRef|Gardiner}}
| last = Gottschall | first = Terrell D. | year = 2003 | title = By Order of the Kaiser | publisher = Naval Institute Press | location = Annapolis | isbn = 978-1-55750-309-1 | ref ={{sfnRef|Gottschall}}
| last = Gröner | first = Erich | year = 1990 | title = German Warships: 1815–1945 | publisher = Naval Institute Press | location = Annapolis | isbn = 978-0-87021-790-6 | oclc = 22101769 | ref ={{sfnRef|Gröner}}
| last = Sondhaus | first = Lawrence | year = 2001 | title = Naval Warfare, 1815–1914 | publisher = Routledge | location = London | isbn = 978-0-415-21478-0 | ref ={{sfnRef|Sondhaus Naval Warfare}}
| last = Sondhaus | first = Lawrence | year = 1997 | title = Preparing for Weltpolitik: German Sea Power Before the Tirpitz Era | publisher = Naval Institute Press | location = Annapolis | isbn = 978-1-55750-745-7 | ref ={{sfnRef|Sondhaus Weltpolitik}}{{Kaiser class armored frigate}}{{German ironclads}}{{Good article}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaiser Class Armored Frigate}} 2 : Frigate classes|Kaiser-class ironclads |
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