词条 | Kirkdale sundial |
释义 |
The Saxon sundial at St Gregory's Minster, Kirkdale in North Yorkshire, near Kirkbymoorside, is an ancient canonical sundial which dates to the mid 11th century. The panel containing the actual sundial above the church doors is flanked by two panels, bearing a rare inscription in Old English, the language of the Anglo-Saxons. The sundial, discovered during a renovation in 1771, commemorates the rebuilding of the ruined church, about the year 1055, by Orm, son of Gamal, whose Scandinavian names suggest that he may have been a descendant of Vikings who overran and settled this region in the late 9th century. [2]InscriptionThe inscription on the sundial reads as follows: + ORM GAMAL / SVNA BOHTE SCS / GREGORIVS MIN / STER ÐONNE HI / T ǷFS ÆL TOBRO // CAN 7 TOFALAN 7 HE / HIT LET MACAN NEǷAN FROM / GRVNDE ΧΡE 7 SCS GREGORI / VS IN EADǷARD DAGVM CNG / 7 [I]N TOSTI DAGVM EORL + Orm Gamal suna bohte Sanctus Gregorius Minster ðonne hit wæs æl tobrocan and tofalan and he hit let macan newan from grunde Christe and Sanctus Gregorius in Eadward dagum cyning and in Tosti dagum eorl. (ǷFS may be an error for ǷES, though if the letters were originally painted, as seems quite possible,the E may have appeared intact. The Anglo-Saxon character represented in this transcription by '7' stands for the conjunction 'and'. Several characters in the Anglo-Saxon alphabet but no longer used in English appear in the inscriptions. Ð/ð (called 'eth')is equivalent to modern 'th', as also is þ (called 'thorn'). Ƿ (called 'wynn') is equivalent to modern 'w'; and Æ/æ (called 'ash') is here equivalent to modern 'a'). "Orm son of Gamal bought St Gregory's Minster when it was all ruined and collapsed and he caused it to be made new from the ground for Christ and St. Gregory in the days of Edward the king and in the days of Tosti the eorl."[3] The sundial itself is inscribed + ÞIS IS DÆGES SOLMERCA + / ÆT ILCVM TIDE þis is dæges solmerca, æt ilcum tide. "This is the day's sun-marker, at every tide." And at the bottom of the central panel is the line +7 HAǷARÐ ME ǷROHTE 7 BRAND / PRS and Hawarð me wrohte and Brand presbyter(i) [or preostas] . "And Haward wrought me and Brand priest(s)."[3] The reference is to Edward the Confessor and Earl Tostig, Edward's brother-in-law, who was the son of Earl Godwin of Wessex and the brother of Harold. Tostig held the Earldom of Northumbria from 1055 to 1065, fixing the date of the church's reconstruction to that decade. He is also known for the murder of Gamal, Orm's father. The language of the inscription is late Old English, with a failing case and gender system. The compound solmerca is otherwise unattested in English, and has been ascribed to Scandinavian influence (Old Norse solmerki 'sign of the zodiac').[4][5] The Historic England Web site, which lists St Gregory's as Grade I, provides the following translation of the full, three part inscription: "Orm Gamal's son bought St. Gregory's Minster when it was all broken down and fallen and he let it be made anew from the ground to Christ and St. Gregory, in Edward's days, the king, and in Tosti's days, the Earl. This is day's Sun marker at every tide. And Haworth me wrought and Brand, priests."[6] The last two sentences are more fully translated by some sources as: "This is the day’s sun-marking at every hour. And Hawarth made me and Brand priest(s)"[7][8][9] The Journal of the Yorkshire Archaeological and Historical Society. (Volume 69), published in 1997, offers more persuasive interpretations of the final sentence: "First, it makes two statements: that Hawarth made the sundial (that is, he was the craftsman), and that Brand was the priest. The second interpretation is that both Hawarth (who was probably a craftsman and could have been a priest) and Brand the priest (acting as his assistant or instructor), together made the sundial. Higgitt has suggested that 'Brand was perhaps responsible for the drafting and laying out of the text, and perhaps too for the design of the sundial'.27"[10] (The Higgitt referred to is John Higgitt who was a medieval scholar who specialized in analyses of Anglo-Saxon inscriptions. He contributed to a 1997 Medieval Archaeology journal report, Kirkdale - The inscriptions, 41. Vol 41, pp. 51-99.)[11][12][13] Part of the sundial's historical significance is its testimony that, a century and a half after the Viking colonisation of the region, the settlers' descendants such as Orm Gamalson were now using English, not Danish or Norwegian, as the appropriate language for monumental inscriptions.[14] Notes1. ^Wall, J. Charles (1912), Porches & Fonts.Pub. Wells, Gardner, Darton & Co., Ltd., London. P. 66. 2. ^{{cite book |last=Goodall |first=John |date=October 2015 |title=Parish Church Treasures: The Nation's Greatest Art Collection |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=3pdlCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA27&dq=kirkdale+sundial+inscription+brand+priests&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmkvnmlYbcAhXYqYMKHa8HAR8Q6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=kirkdale%20sundial%20inscription%20brand%20priests&f=false |location= |publisher=Bloomsbury Continuum |page=27 |isbn=9781472917645}} 3. ^1 {{Cite encyclopedia|first=John|last=Blair|editor-first1=Alaric|editor-last1=Hall|editor-first2=Olga|editor-last2=Timofeeva|editor-first3=Bethany|editor-last3=Fox|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|location=Leiden, The Netherlands|year=2010|encyclopedia=Interfaces Between Language and Culture in Medieval England: A Festschrift for Matti Kilpio|page=140|title=The Kirkdale dedication inscription and it's Latin models: ROMANITAS in late Anglo-Saxon Yorkshire|isbn=90-04-18011-7}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://poppy.nsms.ox.ac.uk/woruldhord/items/show/355 |title=St Gregory's Minster, Kirkdale, North Yorkshire |last=Kilpatrick |first=Kelly A. |date=16 September 2010 |website=Project Woruldhord |publisher=University of Oxford |accessdate=4 July 2018}} 5. ^{{cite book |last=Gibson |first=William Sidney |date=1846–1847 |title=The history of the monastery founded at Tynemouth, in the diocese of Durham, to the honour of God, under the invocation of the Blessed Virgin Mary and S. Oswin, king and martyr, Vol. 1|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=aLhCAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=King+edward+earl+tosti&source=bl&ots=hix7xASFBq&sig=L0jl3VxHRVKPKOaRHp5o1K8OfME&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwicu-vxi4bcAhUq0oMKHf4qAxwQ6AEINzAB#v=onepage&q=King%20edward%20earl%20tosti&f=false |location=London |pages=15-17}} 6. ^{{NHLE|num=1149213|desc=ST GREGORYS MINSTER, Welburn|accessdate=4 July 2018}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=SqVQAQAAIAAJ&q=st+Gregory's+sundial+Hawarth+made+me+and+Brand,+priest&dq=st+Gregory's+sundial+Hawarth+made+me+and+Brand,+priest&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv7IvmmobcAhXp1IMKHczIAd8Q6AEIOjAD|title=The Yorkshire Archaeological Journal|date=4 July 1997|publisher=Yorkshire Archaeological Society|accessdate=4 July 2018|via=Google Books}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=qaHUCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT62&lpg=PT62&dq=kirkdale+sundial+Hawarth+made+me+and+Brand,+priests&source=bl&ots=Ek4hBAMJCH&sig=JFdNsAbKPJe7UR0U50gMV3OwvZU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwijm_K7mIbcAhWj54MKHW29D6AQ6AEIUTAG#v=onepage&q=kirkdale+sundial+Hawarth+made+me+and+Brand,+priests&f=false|title=The Old English Gloss to the Lindisfarne Gospels: Language, Author and Context|first1=Julia Fernández|last1=Cuesta|first2=Sara M.|last2=Pons-Sanz|date=21 March 2016|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|accessdate=4 July 2018|via=Google Books}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://greatenglishchurches.co.uk/html/kirkdale.html|title=Kirkdale|website=greatenglishchurches.co.uk|accessdate=4 July 2018}} 10. ^ https://archive.org/stream/YAJ0691997/YAJ0691997_djvu.txt, p=103 11. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/obituaries/john-higgitt-1-680793|title=John Higgitt|publisher=|accessdate=4 July 2018}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/library/browse/details.xhtml?recordId=3189035&recordType=Journal|title=Library|website=archaeologydataservice.ac.uk|accessdate=4 July 2018}} 13. ^http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-769-1/dissemination/pdf/vol41/41_051_099.pdf 14. ^[The Story of English episode 2 - The Mother Tongue — Part 4 / 7, PBS Documentary. See also discussion in S. A. J. Bradley, Orm Gamalson's Sundial (Kirkdale, 2002) and in M. Townend, Scandinavian Culture in Eleventh-Century Yorkshire (Kirkdale, 2009). References
External links
6 : History of North Yorkshire|Anglo-Saxon art|Archaeological sites in North Yorkshire|Sundials|11th-century inscriptions|Individual clocks in England |
随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识,基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识,是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。