| 词条 | Alpine salamander |
| 释义 |
|name = Alpine salamander |image = Salamandra atra-01-Kaernten-2008-Thomas Huntke.jpg |status = LC |status_system = IUCN3.1 |status_ref = [1] |genus = Salamandra |species = atra |authority = Laurenti, 1768 |range_map = Salamandra atra dis.png }} The alpine salamander (Salamandra atra) is a shiny black salamander found in the central, eastern and Dinaric Alps, at altitudes above {{convert|700|m|abbr=on}}. The western Alps are inhabited by a similar species, Lanza's alpine salamander (Salamandra lanzai), in only one small area. No differences in length are seen between the sexes ({{convert|9|-|14|cm|abbr=on}}) and the sex ratio is 1:1.[2] Their life expectancy is at least 10 years. Unlike other salamanders, whose larvae are developed in water, the alpine salamander is a fully terrestrial species. Capture-recapture methods suggest that the species is very stationary; {{convert|12|m|abbr=on}} was the maximum observed distance travelled by one individual during the summer season. About 120 individuals per hectare were counted in most suitable areas with >2000 individuals/ha also observed, suggesting that this rather cryptic species is quite abundant.[3] DescriptionTotal length up to 144 mm for males, up to 151 mm for females. Slightly elongated head, with two large kidney-shaped paratoid glands. The body has 11-13 costal grooves on either side. The tail is square in cross-section. One double row of poison glands runs down the center of the back. One single row of poison glands runs along either side of the body onto the tail. Usually black or brown-black, but the subspecies Salamandra atra aurorae has a bright coloration on the head, back, and dorsal side of the extremities. This coloration can consist of continuous patches or be spotted or blotched. It can vary in color from whitish or yellow to greenish or gray. Males have a slightly more pronounced cloaca than females.[4] Subspecies
Genetic analysis suggests that the Corsican fire salamander (Salamandra corsica) is the closest related species, and the black-yellow coloration is an ancestral feature of alpine salamanders. Proposed colonization from south (Prealps) to Alps was carried out by the fully melanistic (derived feature) S. a. atra after the last retreat of the ice sheets.[5] ReproductionMating occurs on land, the male clasping the female at the fore legs, and the fertilization is internal. S. atra is an ovoviviparous amphibian, giving birth to two live young, or rarely three or four. They may measure as long as {{convert|50|mm|abbr=on}} at birth, with the female measuring only {{convert|120|mm|abbr=on}}. The uterine eggs are large and numerous, but, as a rule, only one fully develops in each uterus, the embryo being nourished on the yolk of the other eggs, which more or less dissolve to form a large mass of nutrient matter. The embryo passes through three stages:[6]
Generally, at altitudes of 650-1,000 m above sea level, a pregnancy lasts two years, and at altitudes of 1,400-1,700 m, the pregnancy lasts around three years (1,140 days). References1. ^{{IUCN2012.2|accessors=Franco Andreone, Mathieu Denoël, Claude Miaud, Benedikt Schmidt, Paul Edgar, Milan Vogrin, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Rastko Ajtic, Claudia Corti, Idriz Haxhiu|year=2009|id=59465|title=Salamandra atra|downloaded=February 24, 2012}} 2. ^{{cite book|location=Luiselli, Andreone, Capizzi, Anibaldi|title= Body size, population structure and fecundity traits of Salamandra atra atra (Amphibia, Urodela, Salamandridae) population from the northeastern Italian Alps|publisher=Italian Journal of Zoology|year=2001|volume=68|pages=125–130}} 3. ^Bonato, Fracasso. Movements, distribution pattern and density in a population of Salamandra atra aurorae (Caudata: Salamandridae). Amphibia-Reptilia 2003, 24, 251-260. 4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://amphibiaweb.org:8000/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Salamandra&where-species=atra|title=Salamandra atra|last=|first=|date=6 December 2018|website=AmphibiaWeb|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 5. ^1 Bonato & Steinfartz. Evolution of the melanistic color in the Alpine salamander Salamandra atra as revealed by a new subspecies from the Venetian prealps. Italian Journal of Zoology 2001, 72, 253-260. 6. ^{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Salamander|volume=1}} External links
3 : Amphibians described in 1768|Amphibians of Europe|Salamandridae |
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