“Krefeld”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Krefeld ({{IPA-de|ˈkʁeːfɛlt|-|De-Krefeld.ogg}}), also known as Crefeld until 1929, is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located northwest of Düsseldorf, its centre lying just a few kilometres to the west of the river Rhine; the borough of Uerdingen is situated directly on the Rhine. Krefeld is accessed by the autobahns A57 (Cologne–Nijmegen) and the A44 (Aachen–Düsseldorf–Dortmund–Kassel).

Krefeld's residents speak {{lang|de|Hochdeutsch}}, or standard German, but the native dialect is a Low German variety, sometimes locally called {{lang|de|Krefelder Plattdeutsch}}, {{lang|de|Krieewelsch Platt}}, {{lang|de|Plattdeutsch}}, or sometimes simply {{lang|de|Platt}}. The Uerdingen line isogloss, separating general dialectical areas in Germany and neighboring Germanic-speaking countries, runs through and is named after Krefeld's Uerdingen district, originally an independent municipality.

History

In February 1598, Walburga, wife of Adolf van Nieuwenaar, and last Countess of Limburg and Moers, gave the County of Moers, which included Krefeld, to Maurice, Prince of Orange. After her death in 1600, John William of Cleves took possession of these lands, but Maurice successfully defended his heritage in 1601. Krefeld and Moers would remain under the jurisdiction of the House of Orange and the Dutch Republic during the Dutch Golden Age.^[1] The growth of the town began in that century, partially because Krefeld was one of few towns spared the horrors of the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). The town of Uerdingen, incorporated into Krefeld in the 20th century, was less fortunate, almost ceasing to exist, destroyed at the hands of troops from Hesse during the Thirty Years' War. In 1683 a group of thirteen Mennonite families left Krefeld to re-settle in Pennsylvania in order to enjoy religious freedom. They crossed the Atlantic on the ship Concord,^[2] and founded the settlement of Germantown (now incorporated in Philadelphia), thus beginning the Pennsylvania Dutch ethnic identity.

After the death of William III of Orange in 1702, Krefeld passed to the Kingdom of Prussia.^[1] The Battle of Krefeld occurred nearby in 1758 during the Seven Years' War. Krefeld and Uerdingen were included within the Prussian Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg in 1815 (after 1822 the Rhine Province). In 1872 Krefeld became an independent city within Rhenish Prussia. In 1918 during the First World War the Belgian Army used it as a base during the occupation of the Rhineland.

In 1929 Krefeld and Uerdingen merged to form Krefeld-Uerdingen; in 1940 the name was shortened to simply Krefeld.

On December 11, 1941, during World War II, a detailed report on the transport of Jews from Krefeld and its surroundings listed 1007 Jews from Krefeld and Duisburg, were deported to the Šķirotava Railway Station near Riga, later to become Jungfernhof concentration camp. They were transported in freezing conditions with no drinking-water for more than two days.^[3] Almost immediately upon arrival these Jews were shot in the Rumbula forest massacre.^[4]

On 21 June 1943 British bombs destroyed large parts of east of the city; a firestorm consumed most of the city center (apart from the central train station, which remained intact apart from minor damage). On 3 March 1945 US troops entered Krefeld, among them the later U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. {{citation needed|date=November 2015}}During the cold war, the city was host to the 16th Signal Regiment of the United Kingdoms Royal Corps of Signals stationed at Bradbury Barracks. ^[5]

The town became part of the new state of North Rhine-Westphalia after World War II.

The Jews of Krefeld

Jews were listed as citizens of Krefeld from 1617. In 1764 a synagogue was erected, and by 1812, under French rule, the town included 196 Jewish families, with three Jewish-owned banks. Under Napoleon, the town became the capital for the surrounding Jewish communities including over 5000 Jews, and by 1897 they comprised 1.8% of the population.^[6] In 1846 a Jewish representative was voted onto the town's municipal council, while rising antisemitism was noted during these elections.^[6] A reform synagogue was built in 1876, arousing opposition from the Orthodox community. A Jewish school existed in the town, with more than 200 students around 1900.^[6]

In November 1938 during Kristallnacht, the two synagogues were attacked. {{citation needed|date=November 2015}} In 1941 following an order from Hitler to deport the German Jews to the east, Jews from the town were sent to the area around Riga^[3]^[6] and murdered there.^[4] In 1945, the U.S. Army occupied the city and placed Henry Kissinger, then an Army private and later Secretary of State of the United States, in charge of the city administration.^[7]

In 2008 a new synagogue, library and Jewish cultural center were erected on the location of one of the demolished synagogues. Around 1100 Jews were reported to live in and around Krefeld at the time.^[8]

Points of interest

Districts

There are a number of districts in Krefeld. Each has a municipal representative, with representatives chosen by local elections. The districts are:

Incorporations

Historical population of Krefeld

Mayors of Krefeld from 1848

City counsellors 1946 until 1999

Transport

Krefeld is connected to the Deutsche Bahn network with several stations, including its main station, Krefeld Hauptbahnhof. They are served by Intercity, Regional-Express and Regionalbahn trains. The Düsseldorf-based Rheinbahn operates a Stadtbahn service to the centrally located Rheinstraße stop. This line was the first electric inter-city rail line in Europe, established in 1898, and commonly called the K-Bahn because of the letter "K" used to denote the trains to Krefeld. Nowadays, in the VRR notation, it is called U76, with the morning and afternoon express trains numbered as U70, the line number there coloured red instead of the usual blue used for U-Bahn lines. The term K-Bahn, however, prevails in common usage.

The city of Krefeld itself operates four tramway and several bus lines under the umbrella of SWK MOBIL, a city-owned company. Since 2010, 19 of the oldest trams of the type DUEWAG GT8 were replaced by modern barrier-free trams of the type Bombardier Flexity Outlook. SWK Mobil owns an option to buy another 19 trams of the same type to replace the last 19 DUEWAG M8 trams. The whole tram fleet will then be barrier-free. Next to that the city plans to extend the line 044 in Krefeld-Hüls to connect the northern district of Hüls with the Krefeld downtown area.

Economy

The headquarters of Fressnapf, a pet food retailer franchise company, are situated in Krefeld.

International relations

Since 1964,^[12] the city has hosted an "honors program in foreign language (German) studies" for high school students from Indiana, United States. The program annually places approximately thirty carefully selected high school juniors with families in and around Krefeld for intensive German language training.^[13] Since 1973, the fire services of Krefeld and twin city Leicester have played each other in an annual 'friendly' football match.^[14]

Twin towns – Sister cities

Notable natives

References

1. ^¹Ada Peele, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VAgUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 Een uitzonderlijke erfgenaam: De verdeling van de nalatenschap van Koning-Stadhouder Willem III], Uitgeverij Verloren, 2013, Germany, pp. 36-39.
2. ^Germantown Historical Society: Founders of Germantown; Jones, Iris Carter: Krefeld Immigrants
3. ^¹Report on Jewish Deportation to Riga (Hebrew Translation of German document by Yad Vashem) ,
4. ^¹(German) Gottwald, Fred, and Schulle, Diana: Die „Judendeportationen“ aus dem Deutschen Reich 1941–1945. (The Jewish deportations by the German Empire from 1941 to 1945.) Wiesbaden 2005, {{ISBN|3-86539-059-5}}, p.121 I heard that the Jews were evacuated in rows - and as they left the train - they were shot" (Victor Klemperer, diary entry of January 13, 1942)
5. ^
6. ^¹²³Jews of Krefeld Yad Vashem website. Town citizen Isaac Meyer Fuld, a member of the family of Heinrich Heine, was a prominent bank-owner in Germany at the time.
7. ^Walter Isaacson, Kissinger: A Biography, p.48.
8. ^New synagogue opens in Krefeld (English, Deutsche Welle website)
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kunstmuseenkrefeld.de/e/kunstmuseen/index.html|title=Kunstmuseen Krefeld|author=|date=|website=www.kunstmuseenkrefeld.de|accessdate=18 March 2018}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kunstmuseenkrefeld.de/e/kunstmuseen/kaiserwilhelmmuseum/index.html|title=Kunstmuseen Krefeld|author=|date=|website=www.kunstmuseenkrefeld.de|accessdate=18 March 2018}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.archaeologie-krefeld.de/leiste/museum/museum.htm|title=Herzlich willkommen im Museumszentrum Burg Linn! Besuchen Sie unser Museum.|author=|date=|website=www.archaeologie-krefeld.de|accessdate=18 March 2018}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iu.edu/~iuhpfl/about-office/history.shtml|title=History of IUHPFL: About Our Office: Indiana University Honors Program in Foreign Languages for High School Students: Indiana University|author=|date=|website=www.iu.edu|accessdate=18 March 2018}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.indiana.edu/~iuhpfl/info.htm|title=404 Page Not Found: Error: Indiana University Honors Program in Foreign Languages for High School Students: Indiana University|author=|date=|website=www.indiana.edu|accessdate=18 March 2018}}
14. ^{{cite news|first=Tom|last=Brown|title=Twin towns: Do we still need them?|date=31 July 2013|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-23517210|work=BBC East Midlands Today|accessdate = 2013-08-07}}