“Kruger National Park”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Kruger National Park is one of the largest game reserves in Africa. It covers an area of {{convert|19485|km2}} in the provinces of Limpopo and Mpumalanga in northeastern South Africa, and extends {{convert|360|km}} from north to south and {{convert|65|km}} from east to west. The administrative headquarters are in Skukuza. Areas of the park were first protected by the government of the South African Republic in 1898, and it became South Africa's first national park in 1926.

To the west and south of the Kruger National Park are the two South African provinces of Limpopo and Mpumalanga. In the north is Zimbabwe, and to the east is Mozambique. It is now part of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park, a peace park that links Kruger National Park with the Gonarezhou National Park in Zimbabwe, and with the Limpopo National Park in Mozambique.

The park is part of the Kruger to Canyons Biosphere an area designated by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as an International Man and Biosphere Reserve (the "Biosphere").^[6]

History

Pre-Reserve (–1898)

Over 300 recorded archaeological sites in Kruger Park attest to its occupation before modern times. Most sites however had relatively short occupation periods, as the presence of predators and the tsetse fly limited cattle husbandry. At Masorini hill, beside the H9 route, iron smelting was practiced up to the Mfecane era. The reconstructed Thulamela on a hilltop south of the Levuvhu River was occupied from the 13th to 16th centuries, and had links with traders from the African east coast.

Before the Second Anglo-Boer War the area now covered by the park was a remote section of the eastern Transvaal's last wild frontier. Paul Kruger, President of the South African Republic at the time, proclaimed the area, which was inhabited by the Tsonga people, a sanctuary for the protection of its wildlife. James Stevenson Hamilton noted many kraals along the Sabi River and also further north beyond the Letaba River^[7] although the north was sparsely populated compared to the south. Many of the local natives were employed by railway companies for construction of rail connections, notably that between Pretoria and Lorenço Marques during the end of the 19th century. Abel Chapman, one of the hunters who noted that the area was over-hunted by the end of the 19th century, brought this fact to wider attention.

Sabi Game Reserve (1898–1926)

In 1895, Jakob Louis van Wyk introduced in the Volksraad of the old South African Republic a motion to create the game reserve. The area proposed extended from the Crocodile River to the Sabi River in the north. That motion, introduced together with another Volksraad member by the name of R. K. Loveday, and accepted for discussion in September 1895 by a majority of one vote, resulted in the proclamation by Paul Kruger, president of the Transvaal Republic (South African Republic), on 26 March 1898, of a "Government Wildlife Park." This park would later be known as the Sabi Game Reserve.

The park was initially created to control hunting^[8] and to protect the diminished number of animals in the park.

During 1923, the first large groups of tourists started visiting the Sabie Game Reserve, but only as part of the South African Railways' popular "Round in Nine" tours. The tourist trains used the Selati railway line between Komatipoort on the Mozambican border and Tzaneen in Limpopo Province. The tour included an overnight stop at Sabie Bridge (now Skukuza) and a short walk, escorted by armed rangers, into the bush. It soon became a highlight of the tour and it gave valuable support for the campaign to proclaim the Sabie Game Reserve as a national park.^[12]^[13]

Kruger National Park (1926–1946)

After the proclamation of the Kruger National Park in 1926, the first three tourist cars entered the park in 1927, jumping to 180 cars in 1928 and 850 cars in 1929.^[5]
Warden James Stevenson-Hamilton retired on 30 April 1946, after 44 years as warden of the Kruger Park and its predecessor, the Sabi Sabi Game Reserve.

1946–1994

Stevenson-Hamilton was replaced by Colonel J. A. B. Sandenbergh of the South African Air Force.^[12]

During 1959, work commenced to completely fence the park boundaries. Work started on the southern boundary along the Crocodile River and in 1960 the western and northern boundaries were fenced, followed by the eastern boundary with Mozambique. The purpose of the fence was to curb the spread of diseases, facilitate border patrolling and inhibit the movement of poachers.^[12]

The Makuleke area in the northern part of the park was forcibly taken from the Makuleke people by the government in 1969 and about 1500 of them were relocated to land to the south so that their original tribal areas could be integrated into the greater Kruger National Park.^[14]^[15]

1994–present

In 1996 the Makuleke tribe submitted a land claim for {{convert|19842|ha|km2}}, namely the Pafuri or Makuleke region in the northernmost part of the park.^[16] The land was given back to the Makuleke people, however, they chose not to resettle on the land but to engage with the private sector to invest in tourism. This resulted in the building of several game lodges from which they earn royalties.^[17]^[18]

In the late 1990s, the fences between the Kruger Park and Klaserie Game Reserve, Olifants Game Reserve and Balule Game Reserve were dropped and incorporated into the Greater Kruger Park with 400,000 hectares added to the Reserve. In 2002, Kruger National Park, Gonarezhou National Park in Zimbabwe, and Limpopo National Park in Mozambique were incorporated into a peace park, the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park.^[11]

In 2009, SANParks envisaged a four-star hotel northeast of Malelane on the bank of the Crocodile River, as part of a survival strategy to make the park less dependent on state subsidies.^[19] Eventually Radisson Blu was mandated to operate a 104 room safari resort starting 2019,^[20]^[21] which promises a smaller ecological footprint than that of prior, existing camps. The three-star, 128-room Skukuza Safari Lodge, to be completed by late 2018,^[22] was necessitated by the adjacent Nombolo Mdhluli conference center, opened in 2011, which draws guests arriving by charter flights or in tour busses.^[22] Former head of the park Salomon Joubert warned that these developments threaten the character, ethos and original objectives of the park,^[19] but minister of environmental affairs, Edna Molewa, deemed development of 0.3% of the park as acceptable.^[22]

Location and geography

The park lies in the north-east of South Africa,^[9] in the eastern parts of Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces. Phalaborwa, Limpopo is the only town in South Africa that borders the Kruger National Park. It is one of the largest national parks in the world, with an area of {{convert|19485|km2|sqmi}}. The park is approximately {{convert|360|km}} long,^[9] and has an average width of {{convert|65|km}}.^[11] At its widest point, the park is {{convert|90|km}} wide from east to west.^[9]

To the north and south of the park two rivers, the Limpopo and the Crocodile respectively, act as its natural boundaries. To the east the Lebombo Mountains separate it from Mozambique. Its western boundary runs parallel with this range, roughly {{convert|65|km}} distant. The park varies in altitude between {{convert|200|m}} in the east and {{convert|840|m}} in the south-west near Berg-en-Dal. The highest point in the park is here, a hill called Khandzalive. Several rivers run through the park from west to east, including the Sabie, Olifants, Crocodile, Letaba, Luvuvhu and Limpopo Rivers.

Climate

The climate of the Kruger National Park and Lowveld is subtropical. Summer days are humid and hot. The rainy season is from September until May. The Kruger National Park website lists September and October as the driest periods, culminating in rains late in October.

Flora and fauna

Vegetation

Thorn trees and red bush-willow veld

This area lies between the western boundary and roughly the centre of the park south of the Olifants River. Combretums, such as the red bush-willow (Combretum apiculatum), and Acacia species predominate while there are a great number of marula trees (Sclerocarya caffra). The Acacias are dominant along the rivers and streams, the very dense Nwatimhiri bush along the Sabie River between Skukuza and Lower Sabie being a very good example.

Knob-thorn and marula veld

South of the Olifants River in the eastern half of the park, this area provides the most important grazing-land. Species such as red grass (Themeda triandra) and buffalo grass (Panicum maximum) predominate while the knob-thorn (Acacia nigrescens), leadwood (Combretum imberbe) and marula (Sclerocarya caffra) are the main tree species.

Red bush-willow and mopane veld

This area lies in the western half of the park, north of the Olifants River. The two most prominent species here are the red bush-willow (Combretum apiculatum) and the mopane tree (Colophospermum mopane).

Shrub mopane veld

There are a number of smaller areas in the park which carry distinctive vegetation such as Pretoriuskop where the sickle bush and the silver cluster-leaf (Terminalia sericea) are prominent. The sandveld communities near Punda Maria are equally definitive, with a wide variety of unique species.

Mammals

All the big five game animals are found at Kruger National Park, which has more species of large mammals than any other African game reserve (at 147 species). There are webcams set up to observe the wildlife.^[25]

The park stopped culling elephants in 1994 and tried translocating them, but by 2004 the population had increased to 11,670 elephants, by 2006 to approximately 13,500, by 2009 to 11,672, and by 2012 to 16,900. The park's habitats may only be able to sustain about 8,000 elephants, though this is not entirely clear. Elephants do change plant growth and density in the park, and some species, such as wildebeests, clearly benefit from an increase in grasslands. The park started an attempt at using contraception in 1995, but has stopped that due to problems with delivering the contraceptives and upsetting the herds.

Kruger supports packs of the endangered African wild dog, of which there are thought to be only about 400 in the whole of South Africa.^[26]

Birds

Out of the 517 species of birds found at Kruger, 253 are residents, 117 non-breeding migrants, and 147 nomads. Some of the larger birds require large territories or are sensitive to habitat degradation. Six of these species, which are by and large restricted to Kruger and other extensive conservation areas, have been assigned to a fanciful grouping called the "Big Six Birds".^[29] They are the lappet-faced vulture, martial eagle, saddle-billed stork, kori bustard, ground hornbill and the reclusive Pel's fishing owl, which is localized and seldom seen. There are between 25 and 30 breeding pairs of saddle-billed storks in the park, besides a handful of non-breeding individuals.^[29] In 2012 178 family groups of ground hornbills roamed the park and 78 nests were known, of which 50% were active.^[30]

Other vertebrates

Kruger is inhabited by 114 species of reptile, including black mamba, african rock pythons, and 3,000 crocodiles. Thirty-three species of amphibians are found in the Park,^[31] as well as 50 fish species. A Zambesi shark, Carcharhinus leucas, also known as the bull shark, was caught at the confluence of the Limpopo and Luvuvhu Rivers in July 1950. Zambezi sharks tolerate fresh water and can travel far up rivers like the Limpopo.^[32]

Invertebrates

219 species of butterfly and skipper are native to the park.^[33] The fastest and most robust of these belong to genus Charaxes,^[34] of which 12 species have been recorded.^[35] Genera Papilio and Acraea are also well-represented, with about 10 and 15 species respectively.^[35] The total number of Lepidoptera species in the park is unknown, but could be in the order of 7,000, many of which range widely in African savanna. The mopane moth in the northern half of the park is one of the best known, and communities outside the park have at times been given permits to harvest their caterpillars.^[36]^[37]^[38] The park has a high diversity of termites and 22 genera are known to occur, including the mound-building genera Macrotermes, Cubitermes, Amitermes, Odontotermes and Trinervitermes.^[39] Many species of mosquito occur in the park, including the Culex, Aedes and Anopheles genera which target mammals. A. arabiensis is the most prevalent of the 9 or more Anopheles species in the park, and their females transmit malaria.^[40]

As of 2018, 350 species of arachnids, excluding ticks and mites, are known from Kruger.^[41] These are mostly true spiders, including 7 species of baboon spider, but also 9 scorpion species, 7 pseudoscorpion species, and 18 solifugid species (sun and roman spiders), 2 species of harvestmen and 1 species of tailless whip scorpion.^[42]

Anti-poaching measures

Kruger is not exempt from the threat of poaching that many other African countries have faced. Many poachers are in search of ivory from elephant tusks or rhino horns, which are similar in composition to human fingernails.^[43] The park's anti-poaching unit consists of 650^[58] SANParks game rangers, assisted by the SAPS and the SANDF (including the SAAF). As of 2013, the park is equipped with two drones borrowed from Denel and two Aérospatiale Gazelle helicopters, donated by the RAF to augment its air space presence.^[59]^[44] Automated movement sensors relay intrusions along the Mozambique border to a control center,^[45] and a specialist dog unit has been introduced.^[46] Buffer zones have been established along the border with Mozambique,^[47] from where many poachers have infiltrated the park, as an alternative to costly new fences.^[48] The original 150 km long fences were dropped in 2002 to establish the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park.^[49]^[50] The national anti-poaching committee oversees all activities and coordinates interested parties.^[51]^[52]

Poachers

Kruger's big game poachers operate with night vision instruments and large caliber rifles, fitted with suppressors and sophisticated telescopic sights.^[53]^[54] They are mostly Mozambique citizens that initiate their carefully planned incursions from the border region of South Africa and Mozambique.^[53]^[55]^[73] In 2012 some 200 poachers were apprehended,^[56] while about 30 were killed in skirmishes.^[57]^[58]

In July 2012, a Kruger game ranger and policeman were the first to die in an anti-poaching operation,^[59] while other employees reported intimidation by poachers.^[78]^[79]^[80]^[60] A Kruger personnel strike affected some anti-poaching operations,^[61] and some employees have been directly implicated.^[62]^[63]^[64]^[65]^[66]^[67] Rangers in and around the park have been pressured or blackmailed by poaching syndicates to provide intelligence on the whereabouts of rhinos and anti-poaching operations.^[68]

In December 2012, Kruger started using a Seeker II drone against rhino poachers. The drone was loaned to the South African National Parks authority by its manufacturer Denel Dynamics, South Africa.^[69]^[70]

In February 2018, the head of a suspected poacher was found in the Kruger Park near Hoedspruit, his body dragged off and eaten by lions, it is assumed. Officials suspected it to be the head of a park employee who went missing days before, but it became clear that the man was, in fact, a suspected poacher when the park employee was found alive. The head was found in an area frequented by lions, along with a loaded hunting rifle.

Rhino

Poachers mostly operate at or near full moon^[71]^[72]^[73] and make no distinction between white and black rhinos.^[79]^[74] Losses of black rhino are however low due to their reclusive and aggressive nature.^[97] With rhino horn fetching around $66,000 (and up to $82,000) per kilogram,^[71]^[75]^[76]^[77]^[78] the CITES ban on the trade in rhino horn has proved largely ineffectual.^[79]^[104] The second horn is sometimes hacked from the skull to obtain about 100 ml of moisture that is sold locally as traditional medicine.^[76]

Poaching related to rhino horn escalated in the 21st century with 949 rhinos killed in Kruger in the first twelve years (2001 to 2012),^[80] and over 520 in 2013 alone.^[81]^[82] A planned memorandum of agreement between South Africa and Vietnam, in addition to the one with China,^[48] are seen as necessary milestones in stemming the tide,^[83]^[84] while negotiations with Thailand have not yet started.^[85] The amount of rhino horn held in storage is not publicly known.^[86] Since 2009 some Kruger rhinos have been fitted with invisible tracing devices in their bodies and horns which enable officials to locate their carcasses and to track the smuggled horns by satellite.^[114] South Africa's 22,000 white and black rhinos, of which 12,000 are found in Kruger, represent some 93% of these species' world population.^[87]^[88]

Elephant

Kruger experienced significant elephant poaching in the 1980s,^[89] which has since abated. It holds over 48 tons of ivory in storage. According to Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES), it is allowed to sell 30 tons.

Following approval by CITES, 47 metric tons of stockpiled ivory from Kruger was auctioned on 6 November 2008. The sale fetched approximately US$6.7 million which was allocated to increased anti-poaching measures. The average price for the 63 lots on auction was US$142/kg.

Other

It is foreseen that the placement of wire traps to procure meat would eventually become the most challenging form of poaching.^[90] A scheme has been proposed to reward adjacent communities with the proceeds of game sales in return for their cooperation in game preservation.^[90] The larger communities include Bosbokrand, Acornhoek, Hazyview, Hoedspruit, Komatipoort, Malelane, Marloth Park, Nelspruit and Phalaborwa.^[88]

Accommodation and facilities

The Kruger National Park has 21 rest camps, as well as two private lodge concessions, and 15 designated private safari lodges. The concessions are parcels of land operated by private companies in partnership with communities, who outsource the operation of private lodges. Camping in the park has become popular with tourists and backpackers because it is much less expensive, and open to anyone, requiring no special permission to partake.^[91]

Rest camps

Designated private lodges

Bushveld camps

Restaurants

On 30 October 2013, South African National Parks (SANParks) announced the establishment of franchise restaurants in several rest camps. Mugg & Bean restaurants have been established at Lower Sabie, Olifants and Letaba rest camps. Wimpy restaurants have been established at Pretoriuskop and Satara rest camps. Skukuza's Selati Station Grill House has been replaced by Ciao! and Skukuza’s main camp restaurant and take away will be run by Cattle Baron and Bistro.^[94] This decision was controversial, with some people welcoming the improvement in food services, and others viewing the introduction of franchises as detracting from the purpose of the Kruger Park.^[95]^[96]

Gates to the Kruger Park

Wilderness trails

Nine different trails are on offer in the Kruger National Park. Some are overnight and they last several days in areas of wilderness virtually untouched by humans. There are no set trails in the wilderness areas; a visitor walks along paths made by animals or seeks out new routes through the bush.

Gallery

See also

References

1. ^{{cite book|title=Antelopes: Southern and South-Central Africa Pt. 2: Global Survey and Regional Action Plans|year=1989|publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, roughly the Size of Wales. Antelope Specialist Group|isbn=978-2-88032-970-9|editor=Rob East|page=60|chapter=Chapter 10: South Africa}}
2. ^{{cite book|title=Merriam Webster's Collegiate Encyclopedia|date=January 2001|publisher=Merriam-Webster|isbn=978-0-87779-017-4|page=902}}
3. ^{{cite web|title=The Official SADC Trade, Industry and Investment Review 2006|url=http://www.sanec.org/images/stories/Country/south_africa_2006.pdf|publisher=Southern African Development Community|accessdate=23 July 2011|page=217|year=2006}}
4. ^House of Assembly Debates, cols 4366-81, 31 May 1927.
5. ^¹Stevenson-Hamilton, James. (1937). South African Eden: The Kruger National Park 1902-1946. Struik Publishers, 1993.
6. ^UNESCO - Biosphere Reserve Information
7. ^{{Cite book|title=South African Eden|last=Stevenson-Hamilton |first=James |publisher= |year=1939 |isbn= |location=London |pages=}}
8. ^¹Kruger National Park {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081031071554/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/shop_pickandmix/previews/south-africa-kruger-national-park-preview.pdf |date=31 October 2008 }}, Lonely Planet, page 467.
9. ^¹²³{{cite journal |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 2008|title=Ornamental Plants as Invasive Aliens: Problems and Solutions in Kruger National Park, South Africa |journal=Environmental Management |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=32–51 |id= |url= |accessdate= |quote= |doi= 10.1007/s00267-007-9027-9 |author= Foxcroft, Llewellyn C. |pmid= 17943344 |last2= Richardson |first2= DM |last3= Wilson |first3= JR }}
10. ^McNeely, Jeffrey A., International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 2001, The Great Reshuffling, IUCN, {{ISBN|2-8317-0602-5}}.
11. ^¹²Kruger National Park {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081031071554/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/shop_pickandmix/previews/south-africa-kruger-national-park-preview.pdf |date=31 October 2008 }}, Lonely Planet, page 468.
12. ^¹²Bulpin, T.V., Treasury of Travel Series: Kruger National Park, Creda Press, 1974.
13. ^Pienaar, U. de V., Neem uit die Verlede, Sigma Pers, 1990.
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://hdgc.epp.cmu.edu/misc/IIED%20paper.pdf|title=The Makuleke Land Claim |accessdate= |author=Steenkamp, C. |authorlink= |year=2000 |work= |publisher=IIED Evaluating Eden Programme |pages= |language= |quote= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110722030212/http://hdgc.epp.cmu.edu/misc/IIED%20paper.pdf|archivedate=22 July 2011 |df=dmy-all}}
15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.krugerparkreservations.com/History.asp|title=Kruger History|accessdate=2007-08-04|author=Kruger National Park|authorlink= |year=2007 |work= |publisher=|pages= |language= |quote= }}
16. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/1996/960812_0x70796.htm |title=COMMISSION ON THE RESTITUTION OF LAND RIGHTS MEDIA STATEMENT ON A CLAIM BY THE MAKULEKE TRIBE ON A PORTION OF THE KRUGER NATIONAL PARK AND OTHER AREAS |date=6 August 1996 |publisher=South African Commission on Restitution of Land Rights |accessdate= 9 December 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110604112421/http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/1996/960812_0x70796.htm |archivedate= 4 June 2011 |df= }}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.krugerpark.org/Luxury_Safari_Lodges-travel/gamelodges-pafuri-camp.html|title=Pafuri Camp|accessdate=|author=Siyabona Africa|authorlink= |year=2007 |work= |publisher=Kruger Park |pages= |language= |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070214115149/http://www.krugerpark.org/Luxury_Safari_Lodges-travel/gamelodges-pafuri-camp.html|archivedate=2007-02-14|dead-url=yes|quote= }}
18. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.krugerpark.co.za/Kruger_Park_Private_Concession_Lodging-travel/the-outpost-lodge.html |title=Outpost |accessdate=|author=Siyabona Africa|authorlink= |year=2007 |work= |publisher=Kruger Park |pages= |language= |quote= }}
19. ^¹{{cite news |last1=Viljoen |first1=Buks |title=Duur hotels 'sal einde van Krugerpark wees' |agency=Beeld |date=4 March 2011}}
20. ^{{cite web |title=RADISSON BLU SAFARI RESORT KRUGER NATIONAL PARK |url= https://www.sanparks.org/assets/docs/parks_kruger/malelane-radisson-blu-resort-factsheet.pdf |website= www.sanparks.org |accessdate=23 July 2018}}
21. ^{{cite web |title=Radisson Blu Safari Resort Kruger Park |url=https://www.south-african-lodges.com/lodges/radisson-blu-safari-resort-kruger-park/ |website=south-african-lodges.com |accessdate=23 July 2018}}
22. ^¹²{{cite news |last1=Lombard Steyn |first1= Louzel |title= New R269.5m Skukuza Safari Lodge to open in Kruger in 2018 |url= https://www.traveller24.com/Explore/Bush/new-r2695m-skukuza-safari-lodge-to-open-in-kruger-in-2018-20170221 |accessdate=23 July 2018 |agency= traveller24.com |date=21 February 2017}}
23. ^{{cite web |url = http://old.weathersa.co.za/Climat/Climstats/SkukuzaStats.jsp |title = Climate data for Skukuza |accessdate = 7 March 2010 |publisher = South African Weather Service |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://archive.is/20110823154759/http://old.weathersa.co.za/Climat/Climstats/SkukuzaStats.jsp |archivedate = 23 August 2011 |df = dmy-all }}
24. ^{{cite news |last=Wasserman |first=Helena |title=SA's biggest ever April Fool’s joke reached 20 million people worldwide |publisher=The Business Insider |url=https://www.businessinsider.co.za/sa-elephant-picture-fools-20-million-people-2018-4 |year=2018 |access-date=2018-05-30}}
25. ^Kruger National Park webcams
26. ^C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Painted Hunting Dog: Lycaon pictus, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209234758/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=35993 |date=9 December 2010 }}
27. ^{{Cite web|url=http://dreamfieldsguesthouse.com/kruger-statistics-animal-numbers/145/|title=Kruger Statistics & Animal Numbers » Big 5, Kruger National Park » Dreamfields Guesthouse|website=dreamfieldsguesthouse.com|language=en-EN|access-date=2017-10-05}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sanwild.org/NOTICEBOARD/jundec09/Response%20from%20SANParks%20to%20Misleading%20Reports%20and%20Claims%20about%20Rhino%20Sales.HTM|title=Response from SANParks to Misleading Reports and Claims about Rhino Sales and Hunting in National Parks|date=2009-07-15|accessdate=2009-10-16|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121110824/http://www.sanwild.org/NOTICEBOARD/jundec09/Response%20from%20SANParks%20to%20Misleading%20Reports%20and%20Claims%20about%20Rhino%20Sales.HTM|archivedate=21 January 2010|df=dmy-all}}
29. ^¹{{cite web |last=Engelbrecht |first= Derek |title=Kruger National Park's Big 6 Birds |url= http://www.sanparks.org/groups/birders/knp_big_6.php |work=Birders |publisher=Sanparks |accessdate=9 January 2013}}
30. ^{{cite news |last=Jackson |first=Neels |title=Wildtuin help sy bromvoëls só |url= http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/12/27/B1/10/tnjbrom.html |accessdate=9 January 2013 |newspaper=Beeld |date=27 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516025600/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/12/27/B1/10/tnjbrom.html |archivedate=16 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
31. ^Pienaar, Passmore & Carruthers, Die Paddas van die Nasionale Krugerwildtuin. Sigma Press, 1976
32. ^Pienaar, U. de V., The Freshwater Fishes of the Kruger National Park, Koedoe Vol 11, No 1 (1968)
33. ^{{cite web |last1=Williams |first1=Mark C. |title=Checklist of the butterflies and skippers of the Kruger National Park |url= https://www.sanparks.org/docs/parks_kruger/conservation/scientific/ff/invertebrates/checklist_butterflies&skippers.pdf |website=sanparks.org |accessdate=20 November 2018}}
34. ^{{cite web |last1=Otto |first1=Herbert |title=Butterflies of the KNP |url=http://www.krugerpark.co.za/krugerpark-times-4-8-butterflies-24374.html |website=krugerpark.co.za |accessdate=19 January 2019}}
35. ^¹{{cite book |last1=Kloppers |first1=Johan |last2=Van Son |first2=G. |title=Butterflies of the Kruger National Park |date=1978 |publisher=Board of Curators for National Parks |location=Pretoria |isbn=0-86953-021-6 |pages=79–84}}
36. ^{{cite web |title=Mopane Worm Harvest |url= http://www.krugerpark.co.za/krugerpark-times-6-2-mopani-worm-harvest-25325.html |website=krugerpark.co.za |accessdate= 21 January 2019}}
37. ^{{cite web |last1=Maota |first1=Ray |title=Mopane worms to alleviate hunger |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/people-culture/people/mopane-worms |website= brandsouthafrica.com |date = 2010-12-20 |accessdate= 21 January 2019}}
38. ^{{cite news |last1= Masuku |first1=Dumisile |title= Mopani worms harvested in KNP |url= https://www.news24.com/Green/News/Mopani-worms-harvested-in-KNP-20121217 |accessdate=21 January 2019 |agency=News24 |date=2012-12-17}}
39. ^{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Victor W. |last2=Braack |first2=L.E.O. |last3=Biggs |first3=H.C. |last4=Ebersohn |first4=Colleen |title=Distribution and density of termite mounds in the northern Kruger National Park, with specific reference to those constructed by Macrotermes Holmgren (Isoptera: Termitidae) |journal=African Entomology |date=March 1999 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=123–130 |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259487863_Distribution_and_density_of_termite_mounds_in_the_northern_Kruger_National_Park_with_specific_reference_to_those_constructed_by_Macrotermes_Holmgren_Isoptera_Termitidae |accessdate=20 November 2018}}
40. ^{{cite journal |last1=Munhenga |first1=Givemore |last2=Brooke |first2=Basil D |last3=Spillings |first3=Belinda |last4=Essop |first4=Leyya |last5=Hunt |first5=Richard H |last6=Midzi |first6=Stephen |last7=Govender |first7=Danny |last8=Braack |first8=Leo |last9=Koekemoer |first9=Lizette L |title=Field study site selection, species abundance and monthly distribution of anopheline mosquitoes in the northern Kruger National Park, South Africa | url=https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2875-13-27 |journal=Malaria Journal |date=2014 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=27 |doi=10.1186/1475-2875-13-27 |accessdate=21 January 2019}}
41. ^Dippenaar-Schoeman et al., 2018
42. ^New Baboon Spider Discovered In Survey Of Kruger
43. ^{{Cite news|url= https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/11/151113-south-africa-rhinos-poaching-elephants-kruger-national-park-africa-conservation/|title=Elephant Poachers Take Aim at South Africa’s Famed Refuge|date=2015-11-13 |access-date= 2018-02-23}}
44. ^{{cite news |last=Tempelhoff |first=Elise |title=Oë in die lug teen park se stropers |url= http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/11/07/B1/6/etetrenosters.html |newspaper=Beeld |accessdate= 25 January 2013 |date=7 November 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516032523/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/11/07/B1/6/etetrenosters.html |archivedate=16 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
45. ^{{cite news |last=Tempelhoff |first=Elise |title= ‘Wildtuin is slagveld’ |url= http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/11/11/B1/2/etsestien.html |accessdate=25 January 2013 |newspaper=Beeld |date=11 November 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516035533/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/11/11/B1/2/etsestien.html |archivedate=16 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
46. ^{{cite news |last=Viljoen|first=Buks|title=Honde deel van stryd teen stropers |url=http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/10/24/B1/6/bvkrugerhonde_1411.html|accessdate=25 January 2013 |newspaper=Beeld|date=24 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516035317/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/10/24/B1/6/bvkrugerhonde_1411.html |archivedate=16 May 2013|df=dmy-all}}
47. ^{{cite news |last= Tempelhoff |first=Elise |title=Kruger: Staat sê ja vir 2 buffers: Sones sal ook help om stropery te keer |url= http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/06/26/B1/14/etkruger.html|accessdate=25 January 2013|newspaper=Beeld|date=26 June 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516034618/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/06/26/B1/14/etkruger.html |archivedate=16 May 2013 |df=dmy-all}}
48. ^¹{{cite news |last=Tempelhoff |first=Elise |title=Nee vir draad tussen wildtuin, buurland |url= http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/03/30/B1/6/etrenosters.html |accessdate=25 January 2013 |newspaper= Beeld |date=30 March 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516044826/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/03/30/B1/6/etrenosters.html |archivedate=16 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
49. ^¹{{cite news|title= Kruger-heining terug?: Regering wil renosterstropers só uit wildtuin hou |url= http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/01/17/B1/2/etrenosters.html|accessdate=25 January 2013 |newspaper=Beeld|date=17 January 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516022818/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/01/17/B1/2/etrenosters.html |archivedate=16 May 2013 |df=dmy-all}}
50. ^{{cite news|title=Heining kan skans bied teen stropers |url= http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/01/18/B1/3/JvEHoofarts17.html|accessdate=25 January 2013 |newspaper= Beeld|date=18 January 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516033825/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/01/18/B1/3/JvEHoofarts17.html|archivedate= 16 May 2013 |df=dmy-all}}
51. ^{{cite news|last=Jani Meyer|first=Jani Meyer|title=Dragtige koei, nog 7 renosters gestroop |url= http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/09/25/B1/1/djrhino.html|accessdate=25 January 2013 |newspaper= Beeld|date=25 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516041922/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/09/25/B1/1/djrhino.html |archivedate=16 May 2013 |df=dmy-all}}
52. ^{{cite news|last=Tempelhoff |first=Elise |title=Stropery: Minister moet bedank, eis groep |url= http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/06/27/B1/4/etrenosters.html|accessdate=25 January 2013 |newspaper= Beeld|date=27 June 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516035551/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/06/27/B1/4/etrenosters.html |archivedate=16 May 2013 |df=dmy-all}}
53. ^¹{{cite news |last=Buks Viljoen |first=Buks Viljoen |title=Stropers raak ál beter, meer waaghalsig |url=http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/02/15/B1/7/bvstroopstats_1725.html |accessdate=25 January 2013 |newspaper=Beeld |date=15 February 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516043128/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/02/15/B1/7/bvstroopstats_1725.html |archivedate=16 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
54. ^{{cite news |last=Tempelhoff |first=Elise |title=Stropers slaan veral híér toe: Gebied van SANParke loop meeste deur |url=http://152.111.11.6/argief/berigte/volksblad/2012/12/22/VB/12/etrenosters_1703.html |accessdate=27 August 2013 |newspaper=Volksblad |date=22 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150429195324/http://152.111.11.6/argief/berigte/volksblad/2012/12/22/VB/12/etrenosters_1703.html |archivedate=29 April 2015 |df=dmy-all }}
55. ^{{cite news|last=Viljoen|first=Buks|title=SANW gryp báie meer aan grens|url=http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/11/29/B1/14/tegderrick1.html|accessdate=25 January 2013 |newspaper=Beeld|date=29 November 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516022641/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/11/29/B1/14/tegderrick1.html |archivedate=16 May 2013 |df=dmy-all}}
56. ^{{cite news |last=Tempelhoff |first=Elise |title= Twee doodgeskiet wat glo wil stroop |url=http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/11/01/B1/4/etstroop.html |accessdate=25 January 2013 |newspaper=Beeld |date=1 November 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516042604/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/11/01/B1/4/etstroop.html |archivedate=16 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
57. ^{{cite news |last=Viljoen |first=Buks |title=2 stropers doodgeskiet |url= http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/01/13/B1/7/B1007-B3-03-StoryB.html |archive-url= https://archive.is/20130219091739/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/01/13/B1/7/B1007-B3-03-StoryB.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=19 February 2013 |accessdate=25 January 2013 |newspaper=Beeld |date= 13 January 2012 }}
58. ^{{cite news |last=Tempelhoff |first=Elise |title=Stroper geskiet in wildtuin, 1 gewond |url= http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/10/09/B1/4/etrenosters.html |accessdate=25 January 2013 |newspaper=Beeld |date=9 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516044635/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/10/09/B1/4/etrenosters.html |archivedate=16 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
59. ^{{cite news |last=Tempelhoff |first=Elise |title=Skietery in Kruger eis twee: Wildtuin is ’n ‘oorlogsone’ |url=http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/07/25/B1/1/etskietery-B2-02.html |accessdate=25 January 2013 |newspaper=Beeld |date=25 July 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516044820/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/07/25/B1/1/etskietery-B2-02.html |archivedate= 16 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
60. ^{{cite news |last=Viljoen|first=Buks|title=Horings: Vroue vas oor hulle dreig|url= http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/04/14/B1/6/bvborgweier_1549.html|accessdate=25 January 2013 |newspaper=Beeld|date=14 April 2012 |deadurl= yes|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516044030/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/04/14/B1/6/bvborgweier_1549.html|archivedate=16 May 2013 |df=dmy-all}}
61. ^{{cite news |last=Viljoen |first=Buks |title= Afgetredes ingeroep om te help in wildtuin |url=http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/02/09/B1/2/bvwildhulp_1602.html |accessdate=25 January 2013 |newspaper=Beeld |date=9 February 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516031731/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/02/09/B1/2/bvwildhulp_1602.html |archivedate=16 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
62. ^¹{{cite news |last=Viljoen |first=Buks |title=‘Verkeerslid help met stropery’: Hof hoor hoe vier beplan |url= http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/03/28/B1/8/bvrenosterborgkrugervier_1905.html |accessdate=25 January 2013 |newspaper= Beeld |date=28 March 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516042645/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/03/28/B1/8/bvrenosterborgkrugervier_1905.html |archivedate=16 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
63. ^{{cite news |last=Viljoen |first=Buks |title=Vier van Kruger vas oor stropery: Voertuie uitgesnuffel |url=http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/03/01/B2/6/B1001-B2-02-gg.html |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130219112706/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/03/01/B2/6/B1001-B2-02-gg.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=19 February 2013 |accessdate=25 January 2013 |newspaper=Beeld |date=1 March 2012 }}
64. ^{{cite news |last=Viljoen |first=Buks |title=Vier bly in Skukuza-selle |url= http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/03/02/B1/2/4bvrenosterhof_1424.html |accessdate=25 January 2013 |newspaper=Beeld |date=2 March 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516022451/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/03/02/B1/2/4bvrenosterhof_1424.html |archivedate=16 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
65. ^{{cite news |last=Viljoen |first=Buks, Jody Nel |title=Wildtuin-veldwagter vas weens renosterstropery |url= http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2011/07/27/B2/1/djrenos.html |accessdate=25 January 2013 |newspaper= Beeld |date=27 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516043233/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2011/07/27/B2/1/djrenos.html |archivedate=16 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
66. ^{{cite news |last=Viljoen |first=Buks |title=Húlle slaan nié bokke dood, sê drie van wildtuin |url= http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2006/12/05/B1/9/bv-impalaslagting_01-12-06%2816-16-29%29bviljoen.html |accessdate=25 January 2013 |newspaper=Beeld |date=5 December 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516041445/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2006/12/05/B1/9/bv-impalaslagting_01-12-06(16-16-29)bviljoen.html |archivedate=16 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
67. ^{{cite news |last1=Citizen reporter |title=Three Kruger Park rangers arrested for alleged rhino poaching |url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/environment/2064865/three-kruger-park-rangers-arrested-for-alleged-rhino-poaching/ |accessdate=17 January 2019 |work=Environment |agency=The Citizen |date=2019-01-16}}
68. ^{{cite news |last1=Groenewald |first1= Yolandi |title=Poaching syndicates target Kruger rangers |url=http://oxpeckers.org/2016/08/3025/ |accessdate= 25 August 2016 |agency=Oxpeckers |date=23 August 2016}}
69. ^Conway-Smith, Erin (11 January 2013) South Africa sics drones on rhino poachers Global Post, Retrieved 19 March 2013
70. ^{{cite news |last=Schlesinger |first=Fay |title=Animal activists to use drones in fight against illegal hunting |url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/article3715242.ece |accessdate=22 August 2016 |newspaper=The Times | page = 17 |date=16 March 2013}}
71. ^¹²{{cite news |last=Viljoen |first=Buks |title=5 renosterstropers in Krugerwildtuin doodgeskiet |url= http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2011/01/12/B1/1/bvstopersdood1635.html |accessdate=25 January 2013 |newspaper=Beeld |date=12 January 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516025115/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2011/01/12/B1/1/bvstopersdood1635.html |archivedate=16 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
72. ^{{cite news |last=Louw-Carstens |first=Marietie |title=Hy hoor stropers se byle: Nr. 164 by haar kalf geskiet, gestroop |url= http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/04/10/B1/1/mlnosterbaba.html |accessdate=25 January 2013 |newspaper=Beeld |date=10 April 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516023726/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/04/10/B1/1/mlnosterbaba.html |archivedate=16 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
73. ^{{cite news |last=Carnie |first= Tony |title=11 poachers killed in rhino war |url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/11-poachers-killed-in-rhino-war-1.1634857#.Ut_nWvuxVxA|accessdate=22 January 2014 |newspaper=iol news|date=22 January 2014}}
74. ^{{cite news |last=Otto |first=Hanti |title=Hy kyk renoster in oë |url= http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/04/25/B1/13/thoRefnosterwagte.html |accessdate=25 January 2013 |newspaper=Beeld |date=25 April 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516043309/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/04/25/B1/13/thoRefnosterwagte.html |archivedate= 16 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
75. ^¹{{cite news |last=Viljoen |first=Buks |title= Veldwag met dood gedreig in 4 se saak |url= http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/04/05/B1/6/bvrenosterdooddreig_1837.html |accessdate=25 January 2013 |newspaper=Beeld |date=5 April 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516023100/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/04/05/B1/6/bvrenosterdooddreig_1837.html |archivedate=16 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
76. ^¹²{{cite news |last= Viljoen |first=Buks |title=Toeriste kry gestroopte swartrenoster in Kruger |url= http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/10/05/B1/2/bvswartrenoster_1542.html |accessdate=25 January 2013 |newspaper=Beeld |date=4 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516021606/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/10/05/B1/2/bvswartrenoster_1542.html |archivedate=16 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
77. ^{{cite news |title=Hoeders van die horing |url=http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/05/19/BJ/6,7/19MeiRenosters.html |accessdate=25 January 2013 |newspaper=Beeld |date=19 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516032608/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/05/19/BJ/6,7/19MeiRenosters.html |archive-date=16 May 2013 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
78. ^{{cite news |last=Tempelhoff |first=Elise |title=Kommentaar en ontleding: Stroop vir terreur-geld |url=http://www.beeld.com/opinie/2013-08-23-kommentaar-en-ontleding-stroop-vir-terreur-geld |accessdate=27 August 2013 |newspaper=Beeld |date=23 August 2013}}
79. ^{{cite news |last=Tempelhoff |first=Elise |title=245 renosters al vanjaar gestroop; 161 in arres |url= http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/06/13/B1/9/etrenosters.html |accessdate=25 January 2013 |newspaper=Beeld |date=13 June 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516043755/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/06/13/B1/9/etrenosters.html |archivedate=16 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
80. ^¹{{cite news |last=Viljoen |first=Buks |title=Stropers: R100 000 vir inligting |url=http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/12/14/B1/2/bvrenosterbeloom_1503.html |accessdate=25 January 2013 |newspaper=Beeld |date=14 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516032935/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/12/14/B1/2/bvrenosterbeloom_1503.html |archivedate=16 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
81. ^{{cite news |title=4 rhino poachers killed, 17 arrested in Kruger Park |url= http://www.citypress.co.za/news/4-rhino-poachers-killed-17-arrested-kruger-park/ |accessdate=27 November 2013 |newspaper=City Press |agency=SAPA |date=23 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20131127012009/http://www.citypress.co.za/news/4-rhino-poachers-killed-17-arrested-kruger-park |archivedate=27 November 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
82. ^More than 476 Kruger rhinos poached in 2013. See: {{cite web |last=De Sakutin |first=Stephane |title=Over 100 rhinos poached in S.Africa in past month |url=http://za.news.yahoo.com/over-100-rhinos-poached-africa-past-month-112429059.html |date=25 October 2013 |publisher=Yahoo! News, South Africa |accessdate=29 October 2013}}
83. ^{{cite news |title=SA, Viëtnam teken gou oor renosters |url= http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/10/23/B1/10/etrenosters.html |accessdate=25 January 2013 |newspaper=Beeld |date=23 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516040531/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/10/23/B1/10/etrenosters.html |archivedate=16 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
84. ^{{cite news |last=Zwecker |first=Wolfram |title=Hof waarsku smokkelaars met vonnis: ‘Bly weg uit SA!’ |url= http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/11/11/B1/1/wzchumlong.html |accessdate=25 January 2013 |newspaper=Beeld |date=11 November 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516024637/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/11/11/B1/1/wzchumlong.html |archivedate=16 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
85. ^{{cite news|last=Elise Tempelhoff|first=Elise Tempelhoff|title=Interpol se hulp ingeroep teen renosterstropery |url= http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/04/09/B1/4/etstroop.html|accessdate=25 January 2013 |newspaper= Beeld |date=9 April 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516025244/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/04/09/B1/4/etstroop.html |archivedate=16 May 2013 |df=dmy-all}}
86. ^{{cite news |last=Tempelhoff|first=Elise|title=Nee vir draad tussen wildtuin, buurland |url= http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/03/30/B1/6/etrenosters.html |accessdate=25 January 2013 |newspaper=Beeld|date=30 March 2012 |deadurl=yes|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516044826/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/03/30/B1/6/etrenosters.html|archivedate=16 May 2013|df=dmy-all}}
87. ^¹²South Africa's 18,780 white and 1,916 black rhinos were still increasing in 2012, see: {{cite news |last=Otto |first= Hanti |title=Minister is ‘optimisties’ oor stropery |url= http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/04/05/B1/6/honoster.html |accessdate=25 January 2013 |newspaper= Beeld |date=5 April 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516030257/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/04/05/B1/6/honoster.html |archivedate=16 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
88. ^¹²{{cite news |last=Cilliers |first=Susan |title= 5 gestroop in één park: Nuwe plan nodig vir renosters, sê kenners |url= http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/08/13/B1/1/screnoster.html |accessdate=25 January 2013 |newspaper= Beeld |date=13 August 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516041847/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/08/13/B1/1/screnoster.html |archivedate=16 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
89. ^¹{{cite news |last=Coetzee |first=Cobus |title=‘Aanslag’ op renosters in Krugerwildtuin se visier: Elektroniese skyfies in lyf en horings ingespan teen wilddiefstal |url= http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2009/11/28/B1/10/ccnoster.html |accessdate=25 January 2013 |newspaper= Beeld |date=28 November 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516043159/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2009/11/28/B1/10/ccnoster.html |archivedate=16 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
90. ^¹{{cite news |last=Swart |first=Magda |title=Radikale reddingsplan |url=http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/11/13/B1/15/msrensoter.html |accessdate=25 January 2013 |newspaper=Beeld |date=13 November 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516043427/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/11/13/B1/15/msrensoter.html |archivedate=16 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
91. ^{{cite web|title=Kruger National Park Camping|url=http://krugerparkbookings.com/category/kruger-national-park-camping/|publisher=Kruger National Park Camping|accessdate=9 January 2013}}
92. ^{{cite web|title=Kruger National Park Rest Areas |url=http://krugerparkbookings.com/category/kruger-national-park-rest-camp-%7B%7BNot%20a%20typo%7Cacco%7Cmodation%7D%7D |publisher=Kruger National Park Rest Areas |accessdate=9 January 2013 |df= }}{{dead link|date=May 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
93. ^{{cite web|title=Kruger Park Accommodations |url= http://krugerparkbookings.com/category/luxury_safari_lodges/|publisher=Kruger National Park Accommodations |accessdate=9 January 2013}}
94. ^https://exploreknp.wordpress.com/tag/mugg-and-bean/
95. ^http://www.news24.com/Travel/MyTravels/Kruger-mall-water-park-and-a-cinema-next-20131101
96. ^http://www.fin24.com/Companies/TravelAndLeisure/Kruger-Park-closes-as-eateries-move-in-20131216