“Lessing-Othmer”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Lessing-Othmer

释义

Table
Initial Finals
References

Lessing-Othmer is a romanisation of Mandarin Chinese that was once used by Germans written by F. Lessing and Dr. W. Othmer, who in 1912 printed their book "Lehrgang der nordchinesischen Umgangssprache" (Course in the North Chinese Colloquial Language) in Qingdao ({{zh|t=青島|p=Qīngdǎo}}) whilst it was a German colony in 1912 through the "Deutsch-Chinesische Druckerei und Verlagsanstalt."

In 1979, the State Council of the People's Republic of China for Romanisation ruled that translations of foreign-language publications should use Lessing romanisation in German-speaking countries, and Pinyin in English-speaking countries.^[1]

Table

The tones romanized differently from Pinyin are highlighted in blue.

Initial

		Bilabial		Labiodental	Alveolar		Retroflex		Alveolo-palatal	Velar
		Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiceless
Nasal		m [m] ㄇ m	n [n] ㄋ n
Plosive	Unaspirated	b [p] ㄅ b	d [t] ㄉ d	g [k] ㄍ g
Plosive	Aspirated	p [pʰ] ㄆ p	t [tʰ] ㄊ t	k [kʰ] ㄎ k
Affricate	Unaspirated	ds [ts] ㄗ z	dsch [ʈʂ] ㄓ zh	dj [tɕ] ㄐ j
Affricate	Aspirated	ts [tsʰ] ㄘ c	tsch [ʈʂʰ] ㄔ ch	tj [tɕʰ] ㄑ q
Fricative		f [f] ㄈ f	s [s] ㄙ s	sch [ʂ] ㄕ sh	hs [ɕ] ㄒ x	h [x] ㄏ h
Liquid		l [l] ㄌ l	j [ɻ~ʐ] ㄖ r

Finals

		Coda
		∅			{{IPA\|/i/		{{IPA\|/u/		{{IPA\|/n/		{{IPA\|/ŋ/			/ɻ/
Medial	∅	ï [ɨ] ㄭ -i	ö [ɤ] ㄜ e	a [a] ㄚ a	e [ei] ㄟ ei	ai [ai] ㄞ ai	ou [ou] ㄡ ou	au [au] ㄠ ao	ën [ən] ㄣ en	an [an] ㄢ an	ung [ʊŋ] ㄨㄥ ong	ëng [əŋ] ㄥ eng	ang [aŋ] ㄤ ang	örl [aɚ] ㄦ er
	/j/	i [i] ㄧ i	iä [je] ㄧㄝ ie	ia [ja] ㄧㄚ ia	iu [jou] ㄧㄡ iu	iau [jau] ㄧㄠ iao	in [in] ㄧㄣ in	iän [jɛn] ㄧㄢ ian	iung [jʊŋ] ㄩㄥ iong	ing [iŋ] ㄧㄥ ing	iang [jaŋ] ㄧㄤ iang
	/w/	u [u] ㄨ u	o [wo] ㄨㄛ uo	ua [wa] ㄨㄚ ua	ui [wei] ㄨㄟ ui	uai [wai] ㄨㄞ uai	un [wən] ㄨㄣ un	uan [wan] ㄨㄢ uan	ung [wəŋ] ㄨㄥ ueng	uang [waŋ] ㄨㄤ uang
	/ɥ/	ü [y] ㄩ ü	üä [ɥe] ㄩㄝ üe	ün [yn] ㄩㄣ ün	üan [ɥɛn] ㄩㄢ üan

References

1. ^Encyclopædia Britannica, 2004 edition, "Pinyin romanization" article

1 : Romanization of Chinese

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