| 词条 | LGBT rights in the Federated States of Micronesia | ||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| location_header = the Federated States of Micronesia | image = LocationMicronesia.png | caption = Federated States of Micronesia | legal_status = Legal | gender_identity_expression = No | recognition_of_relationships = No recognition of same-sex couples | recognition_of_relationships_restrictions = | adoption = No | military = Has no military | discrimination_protections = Sexual orientation protections }} Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people in Micronesia may face challenges not faced by non-LGBT people. Households headed by same-sex couples are not eligible for the same legal protections available to opposite-sex married couples, as same-sex marriage and civil unions are not allowed. The Federated States of Micronesia encompasses more than 600 islands and about 100,000 people. The majority of the population identifies as Christian.[1] In 2011, Micronesia signed the "joint statement on ending acts of violence and related human rights violations based on sexual orientation and gender identity" at the United Nations, condemning violence and discrimination against LGBT people.[2] Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation has been illegal since 2018. Law regarding same-sex sexual activitySame-sex sexual activity is legal.[3][4] The age of consent is 14, regardless of gender and sexual orientation. Recognition of same-sex relationships
The Federated States of Micronesia does not recognise same-sex unions in any form. The marriage laws in Kosrae state that a marriage performed in the state will only be valid if the male at the time of marriage is at least 18 years of age and the female at least 16 years of age. As such, marriage is conceptualised and permitted between a man and a woman only.[5] Discrimination protectionsThe Federated States of Micronesia has an anti-discrimination law that includes sexual orientation, but not gender identity or intersex status. This means transgender or intersex people are not protected from discrimination in employment, education, health care and other areas of public life. According to a 2015 write-up from the United States Department of State, "there were no reports of societal violence or discrimination against homosexuals or against persons with HIV/AIDS."[6] In 2016, Micronesia received recommendations from five countries to prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity.[7] In November 2018, the Micronesian Congress passed C.B. 20-258, which updated the country's anti-discrimination law to include sexual orientation.[7] The bill, introduced by Speaker Wesley Simina, was supported by three of the four states (Chuuk, Pohnpei, and Yap, but opposed by Kosrae). Section 107 of Chapter 1 of the Code of the Federated States of Micronesia reads:[8] Section 107. Discrimination on account of race, sex, sexual orientation, language, or religion; Equal protection. No law shall be enacted which discriminates against any person on account of race, sex, sexual orientation, language, or religion, nor shall the equal protection of the laws be denied. Gender identity and expressionMicronesia does not provide any administrative or legal procedures allowing transgender people to have their identified gender recognised in official documents.[7] According to 2017 estimates from UNAIDS, about 4.2% of the Micronesian transgender population was HIV-positive.[11] Military serviceCurrently, there is no active military for the Federated States of Micronesia, though should such a need arise, the United States is responsible for its defense per mutual agreement.[9] Living conditionsHistoryIn 1989, an anthropologist recorded a case of a young girl on the island of Pohnpei named Maria who exhibited the habits of a boy and would go walking about at night looking for girls. Family and neighbors held a meeting to discuss the matter, and decided to hold a feast where they would publicly name her a boy. Her hair was cut and she was presented with male clothing, and finally was renamed Mario.[10] The islands of Chuuk have an indigenous term that refers to a traditional third gender alongside male and female: wininmwáán. This is similar to the māhū of Hawaii.[10] In December 2018, the country's first pride event and parade took place in the state of Pohnpei.[11] Societal opinionsMicronesian society tends to be conservative and the LGBT community remains discreet in general. Open displays of affection between same-sex partners may offend.[12] Debates and discussions surrounding LGBT rights tend to be "well off the radar".[13] The Human Truth Foundation has listed Micronesia at rank 90 for LGBT rights. This was similar to other Pacific nations, such as Palau (86), Nauru (87) and the Marshall Islands (88).[14] In 2006, an evangelical pastor from The Salvation Army serving as a pastor in Micronesia decried homophobia and conversion therapy and stated his belief that sexual orientation was predetermined.[15] StatisticsAccording to 2017 estimates from UNAIDS, there were about 340 men who have sex with men (MSM) in the country.[16] Summary table
See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=https://newint.org/columns/country/2011/12/01/micronesia]|title=Federated States of Micronesia|website=Newint.org|accessdate=1 December 2011}} {{Oceania in topic|LGBT rights in}}2. ^{{cite web|url=http://geneva.usmission.gov/2011/03/22/lgbtrights/ |title=Over 80 Nations Support Statement at Human Rights Council on LGBT Rights » US Mission Geneva |publisher=Geneva.usmission.gov |date= }} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf |format=PDF |title=State-Sponsored Homophobia |website=Old.ilga.org |accessdate=2016-03-10 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6IEmVxpKn?url=http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf |archivedate=19 July 2013 |df= }} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nfi.net/downloads/APCOM/Pacific%20MSM_APCOM_Aug07.pdf |format=PDF |title=A report on MSM and the Pacific REgion |website=Nfi.net |accessdate=2016-03-10}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://arc-international.net/global-advocacy/universal-periodic-review/m/federated-states-of-micronesia-cycle-2/|title=Universal Periodic Review|website=ARC International|accessdate=23 December 2015}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100529.htm|title=Micronesia, Federated States of|work=U.S. Department of State|accessdate=27 July 2015}} 7. ^[https://www.cfsm.fm/ifile/Acts/ACT_20-150_JACK.pdf An Act TO AMEND SECTION 107 OF TITLE 1 OF THE CODE OF THE FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA (ANNOTATED), FOR THE PURPOSE OF PROHIBITING DISCRIMINATION BASED ON SEXUAL ORIENTATION, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES] 8. ^[https://www.cfsm.fm/ifile/20%20congress/BILLS/CB_20-258.pdf C.B. NO. 20-258] 9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2137.html?countryName=Micronesia,%20Federated%20States%20of&countryCode=fm®ionCode=au&#fm|title=The World Factbook|website=Cia.gov|accessdate=27 July 2015}} 10. ^1 Zimmermann, Bonnie (2015) Encyclopedia of Lesbian Histories and Cultures, Routledge 11. ^[https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/micronesia-senator-wants-to-ban-trans-people-working-for-government/#gs.aGXRfA4 Micronesia senator wants to ban trans people working for government] 12. ^{{cite web|url=https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/csi_repository/csi_landing/csi_catalog/fsm.html|title=Local Laws & Special Circumstances of Federated States of Micronesia|website=travel.state.gov|accessdate=8 February 2018}} 13. ^1 2 MICRONESIA: A DIVERSE REGION WITH DIVERSE LGBTI LAWS 14. ^LGBT Rights Across the World, Which are the Best and Worst Countries? 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.micsem.org/pubs/counselor/frames/homosexualityfr.htm|title=Homosexuality in Micronesia|website=Micsem.org|accessdate=27 July 2015}} 16. ^1 Country factsheets: MICRONESIA (FEDERATED STATES OF) 2017 4 : LGBT in the Federated States of Micronesia|LGBT rights by country|LGBT rights in Oceania|Human rights in the Federated States of Micronesia |
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