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词条 List of Space Shuttle landing sites
释义

  1. Kennedy Space Center

  2. Edwards Air Force Base

  3. White Sands

  4. Transoceanic Abort Landing Sites

  5. East Coast Abort Landing Sites

  6. Vandenberg Air Force Base

  7. Other sites

  8. See also

  9. References

  10. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2011}}

Three locations in the United States were used as landing sites for the Space Shuttle system. Each site included runways of sufficient length for the slowing-down of a returning spacecraft. The prime landing site was the Shuttle Landing Facility at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, a purpose-built landing strip. Landings also occurred at Edwards Air Force Base in California, and one took place at White Sands Space Harbor in New Mexico. No Space Shuttle landed on a dry lakebed runway after 1991.

The first international site was Cartago,Valle in Colombia (CTA)

Various international landing sites were also available in the event of a Transoceanic Abort Landing (TAL) scenario, as well as other sites in the United States and Canada in case of an East Coast Abort Landing (ECAL) situation.[1] Space Shuttle landings were intended to regularly take place at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California for Department of Defense missions launched from the site, but none occurred due to the cancellation of all launches from Vandenberg.

Kennedy Space Center

{{Main|Shuttle Landing Facility}}

The Shuttle Landing Facility at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida has a single {{convert|15000|ft|m|adj=on}} concrete runway, 15/33.[2] It is designated Runway 15 or 33, depending on the direction of use. The first landing at the SLF was for mission STS-41B in 1984; landings were suspended at the site following brake damage and a blown tire during the STS-51D landing in 1985,[3] and resumed in 1990. 78 space shuttle missions landed at Kennedy Space Center.[4]

Runway Surface material Missions landed[5]
Runway 15 Concrete STS-41B, 51A, 51C, 39, 43, 51, 63, 71, 72, 79, 82, 86, 89, 91, 88, 96, 101, 106, 97, 102, 104, 105, 108, 121, 116, 118, 122, 123, 124, 119, 127, 130, 131, 133, 134, 135
Runway 33 Concrete STS-41G, 51D, 38, 45, 50, 46, 47, 52, 54, 56, 57, 61, 60, 62, 65, 70, 69, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 80, 81, 83, 84, 94, 85, 87, 90, 95, 93, 103, 99, 109, 110, 112, 113, 115, 120, 129, 132

Edwards Air Force Base

Edwards Air Force Base in California was the site of the first Space Shuttle landing, and became a back-up site to the prime landing location, the Shuttle Landing Facility at the Kennedy Space Center. Several runways are arrayed on the dry lakebed at Rogers Dry Lake,[6] and there are also concrete runways. Space shuttle landings on the lake bed took place on Runways 05/23, 15/33 and 17/35. Of the concrete strips, the main Runway 04/22 was utilized. During the renovation of 04/22, a temporary runway (with the same designation) was constructed parallel to it and used for one landing (STS-126).[7] 54 Space Shuttle missions, as well as all five free flights of Space Shuttle Enterprise, landed on Edwards Air Force Base runways.[8]
Runway Surface material Missions landed[5]
Runway 05 Dry lakebed STS-44
Runway 23 Dry lakebed STS-1, 2, 51G, 51F, 51I, 51J, 34, 36
Runway 15 Dry lakebed Enterprise ALT Free Flight No. 3, STS-7
Runway 33 Dry lakebed STS-37
Runway 17 Dry lakebed Enterprise ALT Free Flight No. 1, No. 2, No. 4, STS-9, 41C, 41D, 51B, 61A, 26, 27, 28
Runway 35 Dry lakebed (none)
Runway 04 Concrete Enterprise ALT Free Flight No. 5, STS-33, 64
Runway 22 Concrete STS-4, 5, 6, 8, 61B, 61C, 29, 30, 32, 31, 41, 35, 40, 48, 42, 49, 53, 55, 58, 59, 68, 66, 67, 76, 92, 98, 100, 111, 114, 117, 125, 128
Runway 04 (Temporary) Asphalt STS-126

White Sands

White Sands Space Harbor at White Sands Test Facility in New Mexico was an emergency landing site for the Space Shuttle and was used as a backup when the runways at Edwards Air Force Base and the Kennedy Space Center were unavailable. Two {{convert|35000|ft|m}} runways and a {{convert|12800|ft|m|adj=on}} runway were available for landings on the dry lake bed.[9] One mission, STS-3, used Runway 17 for a landing due to flooding at its originally planned landing site, Edwards Air Force Base.

Runway Surface material Missions landed[10]
Runway 17 Dry lakebed STS-3

Transoceanic Abort Landing Sites

In the event of an abort during launch, NASA had several international locations designated as Transoceanic Abort Landing (TAL) sites. The sites included Lajes Air Base in Terceira island, Azores, Portugal, Zaragoza Air Base in Spain, Morón Air Base in Spain, and Istres Air Base in France.[11] All sites have runways of sufficient length to support the landing of a Space Shuttle, and included personnel from NASA as well as equipment to aid a space shuttle landing.[12] Zaragoza Air Base features Runway 30L with a length of {{convert|12109|ft|m|abbr=on}};[13] Morón Air Base features an {{convert|11800|ft|m|abbr=on}} runway;[14] and Istres Air Base features Runway 33 with a length of {{convert|12303|ft|m|abbr=on}}.[15] Former TAL sites include Diego Garcia in the British Indian Ocean Territory; Cologne Bonn Airport in Germany; Ben Guerir Air Base, Morocco (1988–2002);[16] Casablanca, Morocco (up to 1986);[16] Banjul International Airport, The Gambia (1987–2002);[17] Dakar, Senegal; Rota, Spain; and Kano, Nigeria.[18] Had a TAL situation arisen during a launch from Vandenberg Air Force Base, Hao and Easter Islands in the Pacific Ocean would have been the TAL sites.[19][20]

RAF Fairford was the only Transoceanic Abort Landing site for NASA's Space Shuttle in the UK. As well as having a sufficiently long runway for a Shuttle landing (the runway is 3 km long), Fairford also had NASA-trained fire and medical crews stationed on the base.[21]

East Coast Abort Landing Sites

In certain launch abort situations where the mission profile supports a trajectory for such a landing, runways on the East Coast of the United States and Canada could have been used for an East Coast Abort Landing (ECAL) situation. The following sites could have been used for an ECAL:[22] Miami International Airport, Miami, Florida; Plattsburgh International Airport, Plattsburgh, New York, Francis S. Gabreski Airport, Westhampton Beach, New York; Atlantic City International Airport, New Jersey; Myrtle Beach International Airport, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina; Wilmington International Airport, North Carolina[23] Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point, North Carolina; Naval Air Station Oceana, Virginia; Dover Air Force Base, Delaware; Bangor International Airport, Maine; Westover Air Reserve Base, Massachusetts; Bradley International Airport, Connecticut; Otis Air National Guard Base, Massachusetts; Pease Air National Guard Base, Portsmouth, New Hampshire; Halifax Stanfield International Airport, Enfield, Nova Scotia; Stephenville International Airport, Stephenville, Newfoundland; CFB Goose Bay, Labrador; Gander International Airport, Gander, Newfoundland, St. John's International Airport, St. Johns, Newfoundland;[24][25]

Loring Air Force Base, Limestone, Maine. Griffiss International Airport[26]{{Better source|reason=per WP:CIRCULAR|date=February 2018}} Rome, NY U.S.A.

Vandenberg Air Force Base

Space Shuttle missions to be launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California were planned to conclude with a landing at Runway 12/30[27] at the site.[28] The runway was lengthened to support shuttle landings.[29] The first landing at Vandenberg was planned for mission STS-62-A, which was scheduled for launch in July 1986, but canceled in the wake of the STS-51-L accident.[30] No space shuttle operations or landings ever occurred at the site.[31]

Other sites

The joint use civilian/military Lincoln Airport/Lincoln Air National Guard Base in Lincoln, Nebraska, USA was designated as an alternate landing site for its unusually and extremely long main runway (12,900 ft. (3,932 m) runway with 1000 ft. over-runs on each end, totaling almost 15,000 ft. length) and low air traffic, both commercial and military.[32][33][34] No space shuttle landing ever occurred there. The Amílcar Cabral International Airport on the island of Sal, Cape Verde, was another designated emergency landing site. Runway 01/19 at Amílcar Cabral International Airport is 10,735 ft long and is paved. No Space Shuttle landing occurred here either.

Also Gran Canaria Airport was used as a back-up site.

See also

  • Space Shuttle emergency landing sites

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/reference/shutref/sts/aborts/tal.html |title=HSF – The Shuttle |publisher=Spaceflight.nasa.gov |accessdate=20 October 2011}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/facilities/slf.html |title=Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF) |publisher=Science.ksc.nasa.gov |accessdate=20 October 2011}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-51D.html |title=NASA – STS-51D |publisher=Nasa.gov |accessdate=20 October 2011}}
4. ^{{cite web |title=Kennedy History Quiz |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/about/history/quiz_page.html#23 |website=nasa.gov |publisher=NASA |accessdate=7 October 2018}}
5. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/shuttle.htm |title=Shuttle |publisher=Astronautix.com |accessdate=20 October 2011}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.airnav.com/airport/KEDW |title=KEDW – Edwards Air Force Base |publisher=AirNav |accessdate=20 October 2011}}
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.itwire.com/content/view/21995/1231/ |title=Endeavour, STS-126 crew lands on temp California runway |publisher=iTWire |date=1 December 2008 |accessdate=20 October 2011 }}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
8. ^{{cite web |title=Dryden Supported Many Aspects of Space Shuttle Missions |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/flyout/drydens_shuttle_support.html |website=nasa.gov |publisher=NASA |accessdate=7 October 2018 |date=8 December 2011}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/wstf/spaceharbor/Capabilities.html |title=NASA – Capabilities |publisher=Nasa.gov |date=3 June 2008 |accessdate=20 October 2011}}
10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/flights/sts3.htm |title=STS-3 |publisher=Astronautix.com |accessdate=20 October 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011071203/http://astronautix.com/flights/sts3.htm |archivedate=11 October 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/flyout/landing_sites.html |title=NASA – Roster of Runways Ready to Bring a Shuttle Home |publisher=Nasa.gov |accessdate=20 October 2011}}
12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/nasafact/tal.htm |title=John F. Kennedy Space Center – Space Shuttle Transoceanic Abort Landing (TAL) Sites |publisher=Pao.ksc.nasa.gov |date=18 January 2006 |accessdate=20 October 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029062013/http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/nasafact/tal.htm |archivedate=29 October 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/nasafact/talspainz.htm |title=John F. Kennedy Space Center – Space Shuttle Transoceanic Abort Landing (TAL) Sites |publisher=Pao.ksc.nasa.gov |date=18 January 2006 |accessdate=20 October 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029061756/http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/nasafact/talspainz.htm |archivedate=29 October 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/nasafact/talspain.htm |title=John F. Kennedy Space Center – Space Shuttle Transoceanic Abort Landing (TAL) Sites |publisher=Pao.ksc.nasa.gov |date=18 January 2006 |accessdate=20 October 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029061855/http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/nasafact/talspain.htm |archivedate=29 October 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/nasafact/talistres.htm |title=John F. Kennedy Space Center – Space Shuttle Transoceanic Abort Landing (TAL) Sites |publisher=Pao.ksc.nasa.gov |date=18 January 2006 |accessdate=20 October 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029061323/http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/nasafact/talistres.htm |archivedate=29 October 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
16. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/nasafact/talmor.htm |title=John F. Kennedy Space Center – Space Shuttle Transoceanic Abort Landing (TAL) Sites |publisher=Pao.ksc.nasa.gov |date=18 January 2006 |accessdate=20 October 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315223556/http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/nasafact/talmor.htm |archivedate=15 March 2007 |df=dmy-all }}
17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/nasafact/talgambia.htm |title=John F. Kennedy Space Center – Space Shuttle Transoceanic Abort Landing (TAL) Sites |publisher=Pao.ksc.nasa.gov |accessdate=20 October 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610021258/http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/nasafact/talgambia.htm |archivedate=10 June 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/spacecraft/q0278.shtml |title=Ask Us – Space Shuttle Abort Modes |publisher=Aerospaceweb.org |date=25 June 2006 |accessdate=20 October 2011}}
19. ^{{cite book|author=Shayler David|title=Space Rescue: Ensuring the Safety of Manned Spacecraft|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEHL8MIhRa8C&pg=PA222|year=2009|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-73996-0|page=222}}
20. ^{{cite news| url=http://articles.latimes.com/1985-06-30/news/mn-70_1_easter-island | work=Los Angeles Times | first=Anthony | last=Boadle | date=30 June 1985 | title=Lonely Easter Island Will Be Emergency Shuttle Landing Site}}
21. ^{{cite news|title=RAF Fairford on standby for Space Shuttle landing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/gloucestershire/hi/people_and_places/newsid_9158000/9158818.stm|accessdate=19 January 2011|newspaper=BBC Gloucestershire|date=4 November 2010}}
22. ^{{cite web|title=Space Shuttle Landing and Rollout Training at the VerticalMotion Simulator|url=http://www.aviationsystemsdivision.arc.nasa.gov/publications/2008/AF2008096.pdf|publisher=NASA Aviation Systems}}
23. ^NASA Names North Carolina Airport Emergency Landing Site for Shuttle {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618152624/http://www.space.com/news/wilmington_land_010118_wg.html |date=18 June 2008 }}
24. ^{{cite book|author=Shayler David|title=Space Rescue: Ensuring the Safety of Manned Spacecraft|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEHL8MIhRa8C&pg=PA223|year=2009|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-73996-0|page=223}}
25. ^{{cite web|title=TRANSPORT CANADA NASA SPACE SHUTTLE EMERGENCY LANDING SITE CONTINGENCY PLAN|url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/Publications/en/TP12952/PDF/HR/TP12952E.pdf|publisher=Transport Canada|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517012846/http://www.tc.gc.ca/Publications/EN/TP12952/PDF/HR/TP12952E.PDF|archivedate=17 May 2013|df=dmy-all}}
26. ^Space Shuttle abort modes#Emergency landing sites
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.airnav.com/airport/KVBG |title=KVBG – Vandenberg Air Force Base |publisher=AirNav |accessdate=20 October 2011}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.airpower.au.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1976/sep-oct/sloan.html |title=The Space Shuttle and Vandenberg Air Force Base |publisher=Airpower.au.af.mil |accessdate=20 October 2011}}
29. ^[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PpQSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=AfcDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6726%2C4127444 The Bulletin - Google News Archive Search]
30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/flights/sts62a.htm |title=STS-62-A |publisher=Astronautix.com |accessdate=20 October 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108035802/http://astronautix.com/flights/sts62a.htm |archivedate=8 January 2010 |df=dmy-all }}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aero.org/publications/crosslink/winter2003/05.html |title=The Air Force Space Shuttle Program: A Brief History |publisher=Aero.org |accessdate=20 October 2011}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lincolnairport.com/minutes.cfm?select%3D26|title=AIRPORT BOARD MEETING MINUTES|accessdate=2 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018072700/http://www.lincolnairport.com/minutes.cfm?select=26 |archivedate=18 October 2012 }}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/lincoln.htm|title=Lincoln Air Guard Base}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/12178/Lincoln-Airport-LNK-KLNK|title=Lincoln Airport (LNK/KLNK) (Lincoln, Nebraska)}}

External links

  • Shuttle Landing Facility
  • Edwards Air Force Base
  • NASA – White Sands Space Harbor
  • [https://www.balettie.com/landingsiteinfo/ Space Shuttle Worldwide Landing Sites]
{{Space Shuttle}}{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Space Shuttle Landing Runways}}

3 : Space Shuttle program|Kennedy Space Center|Space lists
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