| 词条 | Lanner falcon |
| 释义 |
| name = Lanner falcon | image = Lanner Falcon 800.jpg | image_caption = Adult Falco biarmicus feldeggi | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | genus = Falco | parent = Falco (Hierofalco) | species = biarmicus | authority = Temminck, 1825 | synonyms =Falco feldeggii Schlegel, 1841 Falco lanarius {{small|Linnaeus, 1758}} }} The lanner falcon (Falco biarmicus) is a medium-sized bird of prey that breeds in Africa, southeast Europe and just into Asia. It prefers open habitat and is mainly resident, but some birds disperse more widely after the breeding season. A large falcon, it preys on birds and bats.[2] TaxonomyThe lanner falcon was described by the Dutch zoologist Coenraad Jacob Temminck in 1825 under the current binomial name Falco biarmicus.[3] The type locality is Caffraria and the Cape of Good Hope.[4] Falco is Late Latin for a "falcon", from falx, falcis "sickle". The Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus had used the specific epithet biarmicus for the bearded reedling and Temminck clearly believed that the word meant "bearded" but it is likely that Linnaeus was using the Latinized form for Bjarmaland, a district in northern Russia.[5] The English word "lanner" is believed to come from the Old French lanier meaning "cowardly". The first recorded use of the word in English is from around 1400.[6] This is presumably the oldest living hierofalcon species. Support for this assumption comes mainly from biogeography agreeing better with the confusing pattern of DNA sequence data in this case than in others. Nonetheless, there is rampant hybridization (see also perilanner) and incomplete lineage sorting which confounds the data to a massive extent; molecular studies with small sample sizes can simply not be expected to yield reliable conclusions in the entire hierofalcon group. In any case, the radiation of the entire living diversity of hierofalcons seems to have taken place in the Eemian interglacial at the start of the Late Pleistocene, a mere 130,000–115,000 years ago; the lanner falcons would thus represent the lineage that became isolated in sub-Saharan Africa at some time during the Riss glaciation (200,000 to 130,000 years ago) already.[7][8][9][10] There are five recognised subspecies:[7]
DescriptionIt is a large falcon, at {{convert|43|–|50|cm|in|abbr=on}} length with a wingspan of {{convert|95|–|105|cm|in|abbr=on}}. European lanner falcons (Falco biarmicus feldeggi, also called Feldegg's falcon) have slate grey or brown-grey upperparts; most African subspecies are a paler blue grey above. The breast is streaked in northern birds, resembling greyish saker falcons, but the lanner has a reddish back to the head. Sexes are similar, but the browner young birds resemble saker falcons even more. However, sakers have a lighter top of the head and less clear head-side patterns. The lanner's call is a harsh "wray-e". Distribution and habitatThe lanner falcon is a bird of open country and savanna. It usually hunts by horizontal pursuit, rather than the peregrine falcon's stoop from a height, and takes mainly bird prey in flight. It lays three to four eggs on a cliff ledge nest, or occasionally in an old stick nest in a tree. They are bred in captivity for falconry; hybrids with the peregrine ("perilanners") are also often seen. Merret (1666) claimed that the "lanar" lived in Sherwood Forest and the Forest of Dean in England; such populations would seem to have derived from escaped hunting birds of the nobility.[12] In the wild, lanner falcon numbers are somewhat declining in Europe, though the species remains relatively common in parts of Africa. Jackdaw flocks are targets of coordinated hunting by pairs of lanner falcons, although larger flocks are more able to elude becoming prey.[13] In Africa and Israel, lanner falcons were observed as hunting bats.[8]GalleryNotes1. ^{{IUCN|id=22696487 |title=Falco biarmicus |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2013 |accessdate=26 November 2013}} 2. ^{{cite journal|last1=Mikula|first1=P.|last2=Morelli|first2=F.|last3=Lučan|first3=R. K.|last4=Jones|first4=D. N.|last5=Tryjanowski|first5=P.|year=2016|title=Bats as prey of diurnal birds: a global perspective|journal=Mammal Review|doi=10.1111/mam.12060}} 3. ^{{ cite book | last=Temminck | first=Coenraad Jacob | author-link=Coenraad Jacob Temminck | year=1825 | title=Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées d'oiseaux, pour servir de suite et de complément aux planches enluminées de Buffon | volume=Volume 1 | at=Plate 324 | publisher=F.G. Levrault | place=Paris | language=French | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35245441 }} The 5 volumes were originally issued in 102 parts, 1820-1839 4. ^{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World | volume=Volume 1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=419 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16109059 }} 5. ^{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn= 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=71, 151 }} 6. ^{{cite OED | lanner }} 7. ^{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2017 | title=Falcons | work=World Bird List Version 7.3 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/falcons/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | accessdate=14 November 2017 }} 8. ^{{cite journal|last1=Mikula|first1=P.|last2=Morelli|first2=F.|last3=Lučan|first3=R. K.|last4=Jones|first4=D. N.|last5=Tryjanowski|first5=P.|year=2016|title=Bats as prey of diurnal birds: a global perspective|journal=Mammal Review|doi=10.1111/mam.12060}} 9. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Leonardi |first=Giovanni |year=1999 |title=Cooperative hunting of Jackdaws by the Lanner Falcon (Falco biarmicus) |journal=Journal of Raptor Research |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=123–127 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/jrr/v033n02/p00123-p00127.pdf}} 10. ^1 {{cite conference |last1=Helbig |first1=A.J. |last2=Seibold |first2=I. |last3=Bednarek |first3=W. |last4=Brüning |first4=H. |last5=Gaucher |first5=P. |last6=Ristow |first6=D. |last7=Scharlau |first7=W. |last8=Schmidl |first8=D. |last9=Wink |first9=Michael |year=1994 |title=Phylogenetic relationships among falcon species (genus Falco) according to DNA sequence variation of the cytochrome b gene |editor1-last=Meyburg |editor1-first=B.-U. |editor2-last=Chancellor |editor2-first=R.D. |work=Raptor conservation today |pages=593–599 |url=http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak14/ipmb/phazb/pubwink/1994/4.%201994.pdf}} 11. ^1 {{cite book |last=Merret |first=Christopher |year=1666 |title=Pinax rerum naturalium Britannicarum continens vegetabilia, animalia et fossilia, in hac insula reperta inchoatus |publisher=Pulleyn and F. & T. Warren |location=London |language=la |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p0SjZ7N6TA0C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false}} 12. ^1 {{cite journal |last1=Nittinger |first1=F. |last2=Haring |first2=E. |last3=Pinsker |first3=W. |last4=Wink |first4=Michael |last5=Gamauf |first5=A. |year=2005 |title=Out of Africa? Phylogenetic relationships between Falco biarmicus and other hierofalcons (Aves Falconidae) |journal=Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=321–331 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0469.2005.00326.x |url=http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak14/ipmb/phazb/pubwink/2005/28.2005.pdf}} 13. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Wink |first1=Michael |last2=Seibold |first2=I. |last3=Lotfikhah |first3=F. |last4=Bednarek |first4=W. |year=1998 |title=Molecular systematics of holarctic raptors (Order Falconiformes) |editor1-last=Chancellor |editor1-first=R.D. |editor2-last=Meyburg |editor2-first=B.-U. |editor3-last=Ferrero |editor3-first=J.J. |work=Holarctic Birds of Prey |pages=29–48 |publisher=Adenex & WWGBP |url=http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak14/ipmb/phazb/pubwink/1998/31.%201998.pdf}} 14. ^1 {{Cite book |last1=Wink |first1=Michael |last2=Sauer-Gürth |first2=Hedi |last3=Ellis |first3=David |last4=Kenward |first4=Robert |year=2004 |url=http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak14/ipmb/phazb/pubwink/2004/27.2004.pdf |title=Phylogenetic relationships in the Hierofalco complex (Saker-, Gyr-, Lanner-, Laggar Falcon) |editor1-last=Chancellor |editor1-first=R.D. |editor2-last=Meyburg |editor2-first=B.-U. |work=Raptors Worldwide |pages=499–504 |publisher=WWGBP |location=Berlin}} References{{Reflist|refs=[9][10][11][12][13][14]}}{{Refbegin}}
External links{{Commons category|Falco biarmicus}}{{Wikispecies|Falco biarmicus}}
6 : Falco (genus)|Falconry|Birds of Europe|Birds of Western Asia|Birds of prey of Africa|Birds described in 1825 |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。