| 词条 | Laurie Spiegel |
| 释义 |
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist | image = | caption = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1945|9|20}} | birth_place = Chicago, Illinois, United States | genre = Electronic, Algorithmic composition, Computer music | occupation = Composer | years_active = 1973–present | instrument = Synthesizer, Music Mouse, guitar, lute | website = {{URL|retiary.org/ls/}} }}Laurie Spiegel (born September 20, 1945 in Chicago)[1] is an American composer. She has worked at Bell Laboratories, in computer graphics, and is known primarily for her electronic-music compositions and her algorithmic composition software Music Mouse. She also plays the guitar and lute.[1] Spiegel was seen by some as a pioneer of the New York new-music scene. She withdrew from this scene in the early 1980s, believing that its focus had shifted from artistic process to product. While she continues to support herself through software development, Spiegel aims to use technology in music as a means of furthering her art rather than as an end in itself. In her words, "I automate whatever can be automated to be freer to focus on those aspects of music that can't be automated. The challenge is to figure out which is which."{{sfn|Hinkle-Turner|2006|p=241}} Spiegel's realization of Johannes Kepler's "Harmonices Mundi" was chosen for the opening track on the "Sounds of Earth" section of the golden record placed on board the Voyager spacecraft in 1977.{{sfn|Gagné|2011|p=255}} Her piece called "Sediment" was used in the cornucopia scene of the 2012 movie The Hunger Games.[2] EducationSpiegel's early musical experiences were largely self-directed, beginning with the mandolin, guitar, and banjo she had as a child, which she learned to play by ear.{{sfn|Hinkle-Turner|2006|p=48}} She taught herself Western music notation at the age of 20, after which she began writing down her compositions.[3] Spiegel attended Shimer College through the school's early entrance program, which allows students to enter college without having completed high school.[4] She subsequently attended Oxford University, initially through Shimer's Oxford study abroad program, under which students spend a year continuing the Great Books core curriculum in Oxford while taking tutorials from Oxford.[5][6] After receiving her AB degree in the Social Sciences from Shimer in 1967,[7] Spiegel stayed in Oxford an additional year,[5] commuting to London to study guitar, theory and composition with John W. Duarte.[7] After moving to New York, where she briefly worked in social sciences research and documentary film, she went on to study composition with Jacob Druckman, Vincent Persichetti and Hall Overton at the Juilliard School from 1969 to 1972, privately with Emmanuel Ghent, then she relocated along with Druckman, to whom she was composer's assistant, to Brooklyn College, completing her MA in Music Composition there in 1975[8] as well as pursuing research in early American music under the direction of H. Wiley Hitchcock. CareerBest known for her use of interactive and algorithmic logic as part of the compositional process, Spiegel worked with Buchla and Electronic Music Laboratories synthesizers and subsequently many early, often experimental and prototype-level music and image generation systems, including GROOVE system (1973–1978), Alles Machine (1977) and Max Mathews's RTSked and John R. Pierce tunings (1984, later known as the Bohlen–Pierce scale) at Bell Labs, the alphaSyntauri for the Apple II (1978–1981) and the McLeyvier (1981–1985).{{sfn|Hinkle-Turner|2006|p=46}}{{sfn|Gagné|2011|p=255}} Spiegel's best known and most widely used software was Music Mouse—an Intelligent Instrument (1986) for Macintosh, Amiga, and Atari computers.{{sfn|Simoni|1998|p=20}}[12] The "intelligent-instrument" designation refers to the program's built-in knowledge of chord and scale convention and stylistic constraints.{{sfn|Dean|2003|p=62}} Automating these processes allows the user to focus on other aspects of the music in real time.{{sfn|Hinkle-Turner|2006|p=47}} In addition to improvisations using this software, Spiegel composed several works using Music Mouse including "Cavis muris" in 1986, "Three Sonic Spaces" in 1989, and "Sound Zones" in 1990.{{sfn|Gagné|2011|p=255}} She continued to update the program through Macintosh OS 9, and as of 2012, it remained available for purchase or demo download from her Web site.[9] In addition to electronics and computer-based music, Spiegel's opus includes works for piano, guitar and other solo instruments and small orchestra, as well as drawings, photography, video art, numerous writings and computer software.{{sfn|Simoni|1998|p=20}} In the visual domain, Spiegel wrote one of the first drawing or painting programs at Bell Labs, which she expanded to include interactive video and synchronous audio output in the mid-1970s.[10] Pursuing her concept of visual music, she was a video artist in residence at the Experimental Television Lab at WNET Thirteen in New York (1976).{{sfn|Norton/Grove|p=xxx}} She composed series music for the TV Lab's weekly "VTR—Video and Television Review" and audio special effects for its 2-hour science fiction film The Lathe of Heaven, both under direction of David Loxton.[11] In addition to computer software development, starting in the early 1970s, Spiegel supported herself by both teaching and by soundtrack composition, having had steady work throughout the 1970s at Spectra Films, Valkhn Films, the Experimental TV Lab at WNET (PBS), and subsequently for various individual video artists, animators, and filmmakers. Spiegel did much less accompanitive music in the 1980s, during which she focused on creating music software and consulting in the music technology field, as well as additional teaching at Cooper Union and NYU{{sfn|Simoni|1998|p=20}} where she established NYUs' first computer music studio. For her work she received a [https://www.foundationforcontemporaryarts.org/ Foundation for Contemporary Arts] Grants to Artists award (2018). Discography
Notes1. ^{{cite web |last=Amirkhanian |first=Charles |url=http://www.dramonline.org/albums/new-music-for-electronic-and-recorded-media-women-in-electronic-music-1977-2/notes |title=Women in Electronic Music - 1977 |accessdate=2011-12-10 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/63oZ9JmsR?url=http://www.dramonline.org/albums/new-music-for-electronic-and-recorded-media-women-in-electronic-music-1977-2/notes |archivedate=2011-12-10 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 2. ^{{cite news|last=Dayal|first=Geeta|title=Rare ’70s Electronic Music Is Hidden in The Hunger Games|url=https://www.wired.com/underwire/2012/03/rare-electronic-music-hunger-games/|publisher=Wired|accessdate=29 March 2012|date=2012-03-29}} 3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://retiary.org/ls/misc_pages/education.html|title=Education of the L-Spiegelular Unit|author=Laurie Spiegel|accessdate=2012-04-12}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.shimer.edu/academicprograms/undergraduate/earlyentrantprogram.cfm |title=Early Entrance Program |author=Shimer College |accessdate=2012-04-08 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602055849/http://shimer.edu/academicprograms/undergraduate/earlyentrantprogram.cfm |archivedate=2013-06-02 |df= }} 5. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.shimer.edu/alumninetwork/LaurieSpiegel.cfm|title=Laurie Spiegel|work=Shimer.edu|author=Shimer College|accessdate=2012-04-08|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20121211125346/http://www.shimer.edu/alumninetwork/LaurieSpiegel.cfm|archivedate=2012-12-11|df=}} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.shimer.edu/academicprograms/undergraduate/shimerinoxfordprogram.cfm |title=Shimer-in-Oxford Program |author=Shimer College |work=Shimer.edu |accessdate=2012-04-08 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505114025/http://www.shimer.edu/academicprograms/undergraduate/shimerinoxfordprogram.cfm |archivedate=2012-05-05 |df= }} 7. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.asci.org/BellLabs/spiegel.html|title=Laurie Spiegel|work=ASCI.org|author=Art & Science Collaborations, Inc.|accessdate=2012-04-09|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206222007/http://www.asci.org/BellLabs/spiegel.html|archivedate=2011-12-06|df=}} 8. ^1 {{Cite book|author=Don Michael Randel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jEGpMqRcQjIC&pg=PA857&|title=Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music|year=1996|page=857|chapter=Spiegel, Laurie|isbn=0674372999}} 9. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://retiary.org/ls/programs.html|title=Computer Software by Laurie Spiegel|author=Laurie Spiegel|accessdate=2012-04-12}} 10. ^{{cite web|last=Reynolds|first=Simon|title=Resident Visitor: Laurie Spiegel's Machine Music, Pitchfork, 6 December 2012|url=https://pitchfork.com/features/article/9002-laurie-spiegel/|work=Pitchfork|accessdate=26 October 2018}} 11. ^{{Cite news|url=http://tv.nytimes.com/show/53053/Lathe-of-Heaven/credits|title=Lathe of Heaven - Credits|work=NYTimes.com|accessdate=2012-04-12}} 12. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.unseenworlds.net/UW09/|title=Laurie Spiegel - The Expanding Universe|author=Unseen Worlds Records|accessdate=2012-09-14|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915155843/http://www.unseenworlds.net/UW09/|archivedate=2012-09-15|df=}} References{{refbegin|30em}}
External links
16 : 1945 births|20th-century classical composers|21st-century American composers|21st-century classical composers|American electronic musicians|American female classical composers|American classical composers|American female composers|Living people|Pupils of Jacob Druckman|Shimer College alumni|Women in electronic music|Scientists at Bell Labs|20th-century women musicians|20th-century American composers|21st-century women musicians |
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