| 词条 | Marind people |
| 释义 |
|group = Marind people Marind-Anim people |image = |caption = Marind-Anim men dressed for ceremony, south coast Dutch New Guinea. c 1920's. |population = 11,000[1] |popplace = {{flag|Indonesia}} (Southern coast of Papua (province)) |langs = Marind Family of the Trans–New Guinea Phylum of Papuan languages, Indonesian language |rels = Christianity (predominantly), Indigenous beliefs |related = Indigenous Papuan peoples of West Papua and Papua New Guinea, other Melanesians }} Marind or Marind-Anim are people living in South New Guinea. GeographyThe Marind- anim live in Papua province of Indonesia. They occupy a vast territory, which is situated on either side of the Bian, from about 20 miles to the east of Merauke up the mouth of the Moeli in the west (between Frederik Hendrik Island and the mainland, east of Yos Sudarso Island, mainly west of Maro River (a small area goes beyond Maro at its lower part, including Merauke).[2] TopographyThe territory of the Marind tribe consist of a low-lying, deposited coastal area. This area is for the most part flooded in the wet season. The hinterland, which is situated somewhat higher is intersected by a great number of rivers. Originally, either sago or coconut palm trees were planted, though stretches of bamboo could also be found. CultureTraditionally the social structure of the Marind was characterised by a clan system. Marind-tribe was divided into moitiesm, each consisting of patrilineal clans (boans). These clans are subdivided into subclans (also boans). The people lived spread in several extended families. Such an extended family derives its origin from a mythological ancestor. Ancestor veneration has a characteristic form here: these mythological ancestors are demon-like figures, they feature in myths, and act as culture heroes, arranging the ancient world to its recent state, introducing plants, animals, cultural goods.[3] They have often the form of plants or animals; there is a kind of totemism, but it is not accompanied by a regular food taboo of the respective animal or plant.[4] Totems can appear both in artefacts[5] and myths.[6] The word for such an ancestral spirit being is dema in the Marind languages. The material similarity of this word to “demon” is incidental. Each extended family keeps and transfers the tradition, it is especially the chore of the big men of the respective family. The influence of these big men does not go beyond their extended family.[3] In the past, the Marind were famed because of headhunting.[7] This was rooted in their belief system and linked to the name-giving of the newborn.[8] The skull was believed to contain a mana-like force.[9][10] The Marind-anim are also notable for their sexual culture. Ritual intercourse (otiv-bombari) with women would take place on the day of a girl's wedding, when after the ceremony she would have sex with her new partner's male kin before having sex with her husband. This ritualistic intercourse would take place during other times as well, such as after the woman has given birth.[11] Marind culture was researched by several ethnologists and missionaries. For example, the Swiss Paul Wirz, the German Hans Nevermann,[12] and the Dutch cultural anthropologist Jan van Baal, who was the Governor of Netherlands New Guinea from 1953 until 1958.[13] The Marind languages form a small family of the Trans–New Guinea language phylum.[14] See also{{Portal|Indonesia}}
ReferencesCitations1. ^{{cite web|url=http://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/13544/ID |title=Marind in Indonesia |publisher=Joshua Project |accessdate=2014-09-18}} 2. ^Nevermann 1957: 225 3. ^1 Nevermann 1957: 12 4. ^Nevermann 1957: 13 5. ^Unknown photographer 1920s (see postcard image online) 6. ^Nevermann 1957: 86, 202/note 108 (= Die Taube und die Enten) 7. ^Nevermann 1957: 9 8. ^Nevermann 1957: 111 9. ^Nevermann 1957: blurb 10. ^Nevermann 1957: 112 11. ^Keesing, Roger M. & Strathern, Andrew J. (1998), Cultural Anthropology: A Contemporary Perspective, 3rd. edition, p. 120 12. ^Nevermann 1957: 7 13. ^Van Baal 1966. A comprehensive standard work on Marind-anim culture. 14. ^Baal 2007: Marind-anim, Orientation (see online) Sources
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4 : Ethnic groups in Indonesia|Indigenous ethnic groups in Western New Guinea|Tribal societies that have practiced cannibalism|Headhunting in New Guinea |
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