| 词条 | Lewis Blaine Hershey |
| 释义 |
|name=Lewis Blaine Hershey |birth_date = {{birth date|1893|9|12}} |death_date = {{death date and age|1977|5|20|1893|9|12}} |image= |caption= |nickname= |birth_place= Steuben County, Indiana, U.S. |death_place= Angola, Indiana, U.S. |allegiance= {{flagu|United States}} |branch= {{army|United States}} |serviceyears= 1911-1920 (National Guard) 1920-1973 (Army) |rank= General |unit= {{flagdeco|Indiana}} Indiana National Guard |commands=Director, Selective Service System |battles=Border War (1910–19) World War I World War II Korean War |awards= |relations= |laterwork= }} Lewis Blaine Hershey (September 12, 1893{{spaced ndash}}May 20, 1977) was a United States Army general who served as the second Director of the Selective Service System, the means by which the United States administers its military conscription. Early lifeHe was born in Steuben County, Indiana. He attended the local public schools and graduated from Tri-State College (now Trine University) in 1914 receiving a degree in education. He taught at local elementary schools and served as a school principal in Indiana. He married Ellen Dygert (1892–1977) and had four children: Kathryn, Gilbert, George, and Ellen. MilitaryHe enlisted in the Indiana National Guard in 1911. Hershey received a direct commission as a second lieutenant in 1913. In 1916, his guard unit was called to active duty on the Mexican border. The unit was relieved in December 1916. His unit was again called to federal service during World War I and sent to France with the American Expeditionary Force. After the war, Hershey remained in the National Guard until he received a regular commission as a captain in the Regular Army in 1920. He attended the Command and General Staff College and the Army War College. Hershey taught military science at the Ohio State University and then served in the general staff as G-4 at the Department of Hawaii. CareerIn 1936, he was assigned to the General Staff in Washington, DC. In October 1940, President Franklin Roosevelt promoted him to brigadier general and named him executive officer of the Selective Service System. On July 31, 1941, President Roosevelt named Hershey director of the Selective Service. In 1942, Hershey was promoted to major general. In 1943, he received an honorary degree in Doctor of Laws from Oglethorpe University.[1] While officially retiring on December 31, 1946, he was retained on active duty starting the next day. He was the longest-serving director in the history of the Selective Service System, and held the position until February 15, 1970, spanning World War II, the Korean War and the Vietnam War. General Hershey was one of only six generals in the history of the United States Army to have served as a general during three major conflicts. The other five were Brevet Lieutenant General Winfield Scott (War of 1812, Mexican War and Civil War), General of the Army Douglas MacArthur (World War I, World War II and Korea), Lieutenant General Milton Reckord (World War II, Korea, Vietnam), Major General Leo Boyle (World War II, Korea, Vietnam), and General Hugh Shelton (Panama, Gulf War, War on Terror). On October 24, 1967, in response to increasing demonstrations against military recruiting on college campuses, Hershey issued Local Board Memorandum No. 85, since known as the Hershey Directive, which recommended that when a draft card was abandoned or mutilated that registrant should be declared "a delinquent for failure to have the card in his possession" and then be reclassified as available for service. Two days later, he sent a letter to local boards suggesting that violators of any portion of the Selective Service Act or Regulations be treated as delinquent. Notably, he said that such violations included "illegal activity which interferes with recruiting," which was assumed to mean demonstrating against military recruiters. Unlike the Memorandum, the letter was unofficial. This order outraged students, many of whom were not subject to being drafted due to education deferments, and campus demonstrations against the war (and Hershey's order) increased. Various Supreme Court cases voided the Memorandum, and after one of them Hershey withdrew it with Memorandum No. 101, on January 21, 1970. The most explicit overruling of the Memorandum and Letter came in a decision from the United States Court of Appeals Third Circuit in Bucher v. Selective Service System[2] on January 2, 1970, which ruled that there is "no statutory authorization for such reclassification," but did not rule on First Amendment issues:
(Many online articles erroneously refer to Bucher v. Selective Service System as a Supreme Court decision.) Nixon appointed Hershey as a presidential adviser and promoted him to a full General RetirementAs required by law, Hershey was involuntarily retired from the Army on April 10, 1973, at the age of 79, as a four-star general. He was one of the very few members of the U.S. Army to be allowed to serve beyond the mandatory retirement age of 64 since it was established shortly after the American Civil War. Hershey died in Angola, Indiana (only a month after his wife's death) and he is interred in Section 7 of Arlington National Cemetery. Hershey was a recipient of the prestigious Silver Buffalo Award from the Boy Scouts of America.[3] He was a Scout leader and executive in Washington, DC. His previous awards from the Boy Scouts included the Silver Beaver Award and the Silver Antelope Award. Quotations
Awards and decorationsU.S. military decorations and service medalsDefense Distinguished Service Medal (1970) Army Distinguished Service Medal (1946) Navy Distinguished Service Medal Mexican Border Service Medal World War I Victory Medal American Defense Service Medal American Campaign Medal World War II Victory Medal National Defense Service Medal with bronze service star Non-governmental organization awardsBoy Scouts of AmericaSilver Buffalo Award Silver Beaver Award Silver Antelope Award Promotions
See also{{Portal|United States Army|World War I}}
Notes1. ^{{cite web|title=Honorary Degrees Awarded by Oglethorpe University |publisher=Oglethorpe University |url=http://www.oglethorpe.edu/about_us/history/honorary_degrees.asp |accessdate=2015-03-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319104000/http://www.oglethorpe.edu/about_us/history/honorary_degrees.asp |archivedate=2015-03-19 |df= }} 2. ^http://openjurist.org/421/f2d/24/bucher-v-selective-service-system-local-boards-nos-etc 3. ^{{cite web |last = |first =|year = 2007|url =http://www.scouting.org/Awards/SilverBuffalo.aspx|title =2007 Silver Buffalo Awards for Distinguished Service to Youth on a National Level |format = |work =Awards|publisher =Boy Scouts of America National Council|accessdate =2007-07-14}} Has full list to 2007. 4. ^United States Army Register, 1964. pg. 593. References
External links
22 : 1893 births|1977 deaths|American schoolteachers|American military personnel of World War I|American army personnel of World War II|American army personnel of the Korean War|Burials at Arlington National Cemetery|United States Army generals|Conscription in the United States|Politics of World War II|Trine University alumni|People from Steuben County, Indiana|People from Indiana in World War I|Military personnel from Indiana|United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni|United States Army War College alumni|Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (United States)|Recipients of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal|Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal|Recipients of the Silver Beaver Award|20th-century American educators|Educators from Indiana |
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