词条 | Ambient intelligence |
释义 |
In computing, ambient intelligence (AmI) refers to electronic environments that are sensitive and responsive to the presence of people. Ambient intelligence is a vision on the future of consumer electronics, telecommunications and computing that was originally developed in the late 1990s by Eli Zelkha and his team at Palo Alto Ventures for the time frame 2010–2020.[1][2][3][4] In an ambient intelligence world, devices work in concert to support people in carrying out their everyday life activities, tasks and rituals in an easy, natural way using information and intelligence that is hidden in the network connecting these devices (for example: The Internet of Things). As these devices grow smaller, more connected and more integrated into our environment, the technology disappears into our surroundings until only the user interface remains perceivable by users. The ambient intelligence paradigm builds upon pervasive computing, ubiquitous computing, profiling, context awareness, and human-centric computer interaction design, of which, is characterized by systems and technologies that are:[5]
A typical context of ambient intelligence environment is home, but may also be extended to work spaces (offices, coworking), public spaces (based on technologies such as smart street lights), and hospital environments.[6] OverviewMore and more people make decisions based on the effect their actions will have on their own inner, mental world.{{vague|date=January 2012}} This experience-driven way of acting is a change from the past when people were primarily concerned about the use value of products and services,{{Dubious|Dubious|date=January 2012}} and is the basis for the experience economy. Ambient intelligence addresses this shift in existential view by emphasizing people and user experience. The interest in user experience also grew in importance in the late 1990s because of the overload of products and services in the information society that were difficult to understand and hard to use. An urge emerged to design things from a user's point of view. Ambient intelligence is influenced by user-centered design where the user is placed in the center of the design activity and asked to give feedback through specific user evaluations and tests to improve the design or even co-create the design with the designer (participatory design) or with other users (end-user development). In order for AmI to become a reality a number of key technologies are required:
History and inventionIn 1998, the board of management of Philips commissioned a series of presentations and internal workshops, organized by Eli Zelkha and Brian Epstein of Palo Alto Ventures (who, with Simon Birrell, coined the term 'ambient intelligence') to investigate different scenarios that would transform the high-volume consumer electronic industry from the current "fragmented with features" world into a world in 2020 where user-friendly devices support ubiquitous information, communication and entertainment.[7] While developing the ambient intelligence concept, Palo Alto Ventures created the keynote address for Roel Pieper of Philips for the Digital Living Room Conference, 1998.[8] The group included Eli Zelkha, Brian Epstein, Simon Birrell, Doug Randall, and Clark Dodsworth. In the years after, these developments grew more mature. In 2005, Philips joined the Oxygen alliance, an international consortium of industrial partners within the context of the MIT Oxygen project,[9] aimed at developing technology for the computer of the 21st century. In 2000, plans were made to construct a feasibility and usability facility dedicated to ambient intelligence. This HomeLab officially opened on 24 April 2002. Along with the development of the vision at Philips, a number of parallel initiatives started to explore ambient intelligence in more detail. Following the advice of the Information Society and Technology Advisory Group (ISTAG), the European Commission used the vision for the launch of their sixth framework (FP6) in Information, Society and Technology (IST), with a subsidiary budget of 3.7 billion euros. The European Commission played a crucial role in the further development of the AmI vision. As a result of many initiatives the AmI vision gained traction. During the past few years several major initiatives have been started. Fraunhofer Society started several activities in a variety of domains including multimedia, microsystems design and augmented spaces. MIT started an ambient intelligence research group at their Media Lab.[10] Several more research projects started in a variety of countries such as the US, Canada, Spain, France and the Netherlands. Since 2004, the European Symposium on Ambient Intelligence (EUSAI) and many other conferences have been held that address special topics in AmI. CriticismAs far as dissemination of information on personal presence is out of control, ambient intelligence vision is subject of criticism (e.g. David Wright, Serge Gutwirth, Michael Friedewald et al., Safeguards in a World of Ambient Intelligence, Springer, Dordrecht, 2008). Any immersive, personalized, context-aware and anticipatory characteristics brings up societal, political and cultural concerns about the loss of privacy. The example scenario above shows both the positive and negative possibilities offered by ambient intelligence. However, it should be noted that applications of ambient intelligence do not necessarily have to reduce privacy in order to work.{{Citation needed|date=March 2018}} Power concentration in large organizations, a fragmented, decreasingly private society and hyperreal environments where the virtual is indistinguishable from the real are the main topics of critics.[11] Several research groups and communities are investigating the socioeconomic, political and cultural aspects of ambient intelligence. New thinking on AmI distances itself therefore from some of the original characteristics such as adaptive and anticipatory behaviour and emphasizes empowerment and participation to place control in the hands of people instead of organizations.{{Citation needed|date=March 2018}} Social and political aspectsThe ISTAG advisory group suggests that the following characteristics will permit the societal acceptance of ambient intelligence. AmI should...
Business modelsThe ISTAG group acknowledges the following entry points to AmI business landscape:
TechnologiesA variety of technologies can be used to enable Ambient intelligence environments such as {{Harv|Gasson|Warwick|2007}}:
ComputingThis means of computing links all pieces of technology together. This also allows the device to have the capability to remember past requests.[12] Uses in fiction
Research groupsSeveral research groups have been founded to tackle the question of the manifestations of ambient intelligence—what can be done and what will the actions most probably result in:
See also
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| last=Zelkha | first=Eli | last2=Epstein | first2=Brian | last3=Birrell | first3=Simon | last4=Dodsworth | first4=Clark | date=1998 | title=From Devices to "Ambient Intelligence" | publication-date=June 1998 | journal=Digital Living Room Conference | url=http://www.epstein.org/brian/ambient_intelligence/DLR%20Final%20Internal.ppt }}
| last=Aarts | first=Emile | last2=Harwig | first2=Rick | last3=Schuurmans | first3=Martin | date=2007 | title=chapter "Ambient Intelligence" in The Invisible Future: The Seamless Integration Of Technology Into Everyday Life | publisher=McGraw-Hill Companies }}
| last=Aarts | first=Emile | last2=Marzano| first2=Stefano | date=2003 | title=The New Everyday: Visions of Ambient Intelligence | publisher=010 Publishers }}
| last=Bieliková | first=Mária | last2=Krajcovic | first2=Tibor | date=2001 | title=Ambient Intelligence within a Home Environment | publication-date=October 2001 | journal=ERCIM News | issue=47 | url=http://www.ercim.org/publication/Ercim_News/enw47/bielikova.html }}
| last=Parker | first=Pamela | date=2002 | title=Interactive Ads Play Big Role in "Minority Report" | publication-date=June 21, 2002 | journal=ClickZ | url=http://www.clickz.com/1369861 }}
| last=Gasson| first=Mark | last2=Warwick| first2=Kevin | author2-link=Kevin Warwick | date=2013 | title=D12.2: Study on Emerging AmI Technologies | journal=FIDIS Deliverables | volume=12 | issue=2 | url=http://www.fidis.net/resources/deliverables/hightechid/#c1869 }} Sources and further reading
External links
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