| 词条 | Mexican Catholic Apostolic Church |
| 释义 |
| name = Iglesia Católica Apostólica Mexicana (Mexican Catholic Apostolic Church) | abbreviation = ICAM | image = | imagewidth = | caption = | main_classification = Independent Catholicism | orientation = | polity = Episcopal | founder = José Joaquín Pérez Budar | founded_date = 1925 | founded_place = Mexico City, Mexico | separated_from = Catholic Church in Mexico | parent = | leader_title = Primas | leader_name = José Camargo Melo | merger = | separations = | associations = Worldwide Communion of Catholic Apostolic National Churches | area = Mexico | congregations = | members = | footnotes = }} Mexican Catholic Apostolic Church {{lang-es|Iglesia Católica Apostólica Mexicana}} (ICAM) was founded in 1925, by separation from the Catholic Church in Mexico. It was created to bolster revolution and machinate a schism from the Catholic Church in Mexico with the support of the Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers (CROM) and Mexican President Plutarco Elías Calles' approval.[1]{{rp|pages=52}}{{efn|Pérez attested that the source of the idea to found a national church was Bishop Eduardo Sanchez Camacho.[2]}} Its development was marked by several internal crisis, followed by consequent splits and mergers. Since 1993, it is officially enlisted in Mexican federal register of religious associations.[3] It is a member of the Worldwide Communion of Catholic Apostolic Churches, founded in 2008. HistoryPresident Álvaro Obregón and his successor Calles, as well as other politicians, wanted the revolutionary government to restrict and terminate the Catholic Church in Mexico.[1]{{rp|pages=49, 52}}[5]{{rp|pages=536, 358}} In February 1925, armed intruders calling themselves "Knights of the Order of Guadeloupe" occupied the church of María de la Soledad in Mexico City where {{Interlanguage link multi|José Joaquín Pérez Budar|es}}, a Freemason and former Catholic priest, proclaimed himself the future patriarch of a new national church;{{efn| According to Peter Anson, in Bishops at large, an episcopus vagans, Joseph René Vilatte, sponsored schismatic clergy in the 1910s "as a nucleus of a national church" in Mexico.[6]{{rp|pages=124, 439}} Vilatteville was a precursor of Mexican schisms. Although Pérez's 1925 {{abbr|ICAM|Mexican Catholic Apostolic Church}} was dismissed as a "comic opera reformation," Matthew Butler notes, in The Americas, that previously other schisms were attempted such as by Venustiano Carranza's revolutionaries and that Vilatteville was built in Chihuahua about 15 years before.[4]{{rp|pages=536–537}} It's unclear from Butler if Vilatteville influenced Mexican schisms but Butler noted that Pérez was consecrated by Carfora.[8]{{rp|page=28}}[4]{{rp|page=540}} Other groups also conducted operations in Mexico. Anthony J. Cross wrote that before the First Vatican Council, the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America "had supported dissident Catholics in Mexico" and its "reform mission" with its links to the Anglo-Continental Society, "is closely related to the growth of American influence and empire."[5]{{rp|page=7}} According to Cross, there were "a number of Anglican reform mission interventions in Roman Catholic heartlands" among the 19th century culture wars that were being fought in Germany, Haiti, Italy, Mexico, Portugal, Spain, and Switzerland.[5]{{rp|pages=6, 204}}}} parishioners attacked the interlopers and rioted the next day; similar riots were incited when other churches in Mexico were occupied by armed intruders that month.[1]{{rp|pages=50–52}}{{efn|Separatist priests in Coahuila, Hidalgo, Jalisco, State of Mexico, Oaxaca, Puebla, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Tabasco, and Veracruz participated in the schism but every bishops and archbishops rejected {{abbr|ICAM|Mexican Catholic Apostolic Church}}.[2]}} These armed intruders occupying churches induced fear of anti-Catholic persecution that led to the formation of the National League for the Defense of Religious Liberty (LNDLR) a militant Catholic defense organization.[1]{{rp|pages=53–54}} Official favoritism of a national church enraged revolutionaries who saw this as a "violation of state {{lang|es|{{linktext|laicidad}}}}{{thinsp}}" with potential to faction the revolution, so Calles stopped his support of {{abbr|ICAM|Mexican Catholic Apostolic Church}} after about 3 months.[4]{{rp|page=538}} Nevertheless, the government failed in 1925 to orchestrate Pérez's consecration by a visiting Eastern Orthodox bishop,[1]{{rp|page=52}}{{efn|According to Butler, Pérez initially sought consecration through the Anglican Church of Mexico but Butler does not provide details.[4]{{rp|page=539}}}} but in 1926, North American Old Roman Catholic Church Bishop Carmel Henry Carfora consecrated Pérez,{{efn|name=Orthodox|Although after his consecration by Carfora, Pérez styled himself Patriarch of the {{lang|es|Iglesia Ortodoxa Católica Apostólica Mexicana}}, Ramirez notes that some official documents do not include the term {{lang|es|orthodoxa}}.[2]}} Antonio Benicio López Sierra, and Macario López Valdez as bishops.[8]{{rp|page=28}} In 1927, López Sierra established an {{abbr|ICAM|Mexican Catholic Apostolic Church}} church in San Antonio, Texas,[2]{{efn|By 1929 Pérez expelled López Sierra after he was accused of embezzlement and rape of a woman inside a church building.[2]}} where Archbishop Arthur Jerome Drossaerts, of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Antonio, called the {{lang|es|{{linktext|cismáticos}}}} (Spanish for schismatics) "designing proselytizers of the sects supported by Calles and the Mexican government, that archenemy of all Christianity;"[22] and in 1929, López Valdes established an {{abbr|ICAM|Mexican Catholic Apostolic Church}} church in Los Angeles, California.[2] Pérez moved his cathedra to San Antonio in March 1930 but in April 1931, Pérez returned to Mexico City.[2] NameThe church is identified in Spanish as both {{lang|es|Iglesia Ortodoxa Católica Apostólica Mexicana}} (Spanish for Mexican Orthodox Apostolic Catholic Church) and {{lang|es|Iglesia Católica Apostólica Mexicana}} (Spanish for Mexican Catholic Apostolic Church);[2][6]{{rp|page=439}}[7][8]{{efn|name=Orthodox}} in English it also known as the Mexican Old Roman Catholic Church,[9]{{rp|page=28}}[6]{{rp|page=439}} and the Mexican National Catholic Church.[10] Beliefs{{abbr|ICAM|Mexican Catholic Apostolic Church}} supported clerical marriage, rituals in the vernacular, the sacrament of Communion under both kinds, individual Biblical interpretation, veneration of saints and Mary the mother of Jesus, but opposed the Roman Catholic dogma of papal infallibility, denied eternal damnation, rejected the sacrament of Penance, and had an "experimental commitment to liturgical innovation."[4]{{rp|pages=540–541}}Expansion techniqueThe government confiscated and nationalized all Catholic Church assets in 1859 and, prior to the 1992 legislation of an amendment to the 1917 Constitution of Mexico, religious institutions were not permitted to own property in Mexico;[6]{{rp|page=439}}[2][11]{{rp|pages=429–431}} "the Catholic Church was prevented from conducting any legal transactions in Mexico."[11]{{rp|page=428}} Other legal anticlerical restrictions included mandatory civil registration of clergy.[4]{{rp|page=536}} When the Calles Law took effect in July 1926, the Catholic Church suspended all public worship and within days the Cristero rebellion began.[2] Butler described it as Mexican Gallicanism.[4]{{rp|page=540}} According to Ramirez, throughout Mexico the population was Catholic but hardly understood the distinction between the Catholic Church and {{abbr|ICAM|Mexican Catholic Apostolic Church}}.[2] {{abbr|ICAM|Mexican Catholic Apostolic Church}} priests searched in several Mexican states for neglected or abandoned church buildings and lobbied local authorities to devolve those church buildings to {{abbr|ICAM|Mexican Catholic Apostolic Church}} use. With the understanding that the law provided for the formation of local committees to govern the use of church buildings, local authorities gathered residents in a public place to facilitate the devolution of church buildings, according to Ramirez, and {{abbr|ICAM|Mexican Catholic Apostolic Church}} priests{{Ordered list|contrasted that{{bulleted list|the leadership of the Catholic Church openly defied the Calles government and systematically violated law and order |the leadership of {{abbr|ICAM|Mexican Catholic Apostolic Church}} was respectful faithful of law and government}} |contrasted that{{bulleted list|the Catholic Church was characterized as the "Roman Church" which was obedient to a pope – a foreign spiritual leader who lived in Rome, to which considerable Peter's pence is given annually |{{abbr|ICAM|Mexican Catholic Apostolic Church}} was characterized as the "Mexican Church" which was obedient to a patriarch – a Mexican spiritual leader who lived in Mexico}} |convinced people that {{abbr|ICAM|Mexican Catholic Apostolic Church}} dogmas and rituals were the same as those of the Catholic Church}} These local committees voted on the devolution of church buildings and on many occasions, after such votes, riots erupted that ended with casualties. This activity provoked the hostility of Catholics and two {{abbr|ICAM|Mexican Catholic Apostolic Church}} priests were killed.[2] Calles' successor, Emilio Portes Gil, did not support {{abbr|ICAM|Mexican Catholic Apostolic Church}}.[2] In June 1929, Dwight Morrow, United States Ambassador to Mexico, mediated a modus vivendi between the Mexican episcopate and the Mexican federal government. Portes Gil signed the modus vivendi and soon the Catholic Church resumed public worship in many church buildings throughout Mexico.[2] The federal modus vivendi and the devolution of church buildings to Catholic Church use disconcerted some state and local authorities.[2] It is uncertain how long {{abbr|ICAM|Mexican Catholic Apostolic Church}} subsisted, according to Ramirez, about 60 priests were {{abbr|ICAM|Mexican Catholic Apostolic Church}} ministers, and between 1925 and 1937, about 70 church buildings, generally in small villages, were devolved to {{abbr|ICAM|Mexican Catholic Apostolic Church}} use, but most of those devolved church buildings were soon closed.{{efn|The reported scope and duration of {{abbr|ICAM|Mexican Catholic Apostolic Church}} varies. Ramirez wrote that according to some research, {{abbr|ICAM|Mexican Catholic Apostolic Church}} had use of only several church buildings; was ministered by only 13 priests, of whom 7 reconciled with the Catholic Church and 3 were never ordained; and lasted approximately one year.[2] According to Bailey, the schism consisted of about six parishes and dematerialized within several months.[1]{{rp|pages=53–54}}}} Ramirez notes that {{abbr|ICAM|Mexican Catholic Apostolic Church}} subsisted through the Cristero rebellion, spread to the southern United States, and survived the end of the Calles government.[2] Pérez was unable to maintain discipline among the clergy.[2][6]{{rp|page=440}} {{abbr|ICAM|Mexican Catholic Apostolic Church}} dwindled in Mexico and San Antonio by 1930.[2][8]{{rp|page=31}} Instead of spreading {{abbr|ICAM|Mexican Catholic Apostolic Church}}, according to Ramirez, Pérez's subordinates coveted his position of patriarch and devised ecclesial intrigues.[2]After PérezPérez died in 1931, days after his public recantation and reconciliation with the Catholic Church.[2][6]{{rp|page=440}} José Eduardo Dávila Garza became the leader of {{abbr|ICAM|Mexican Catholic Apostolic Church}} and used the religious name Pope Eduardo I.[12] While Pérez permitted clerical marriage, Dávila rescinded Pérez's approval and required clerical celibacy.[12] Dávila has his cathedral in the village of San Pedro.[12] Dávila petitioned Eastern Orthodox patriarchs in the 1930s to recognize him.[12] The Mexican Apostolic National Church was a Western Rite Orthodox Church in Mexico founded on the vision of the relationship between the Soviet Union and the Russian Orthodox Church.[13] After Pérez died the individual parishes continued to exist essentially independently,[13] The entire diocese of this national church was subsumed into the created Orthodox Church in America Exarchate of Mexico in 1972.[14] OpinionRamirez speculated that {{abbr|ICAM|Mexican Catholic Apostolic Church}} could have succeeded in a scenario where Calles became the head of {{abbr|ICAM|Mexican Catholic Apostolic Church}}, like King Henry VIII of England, because the Mexican Secretariat of the Interior already both controlled the church buildings and regulated the registration of priests.[2] Notes{{notelist}}References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book|last=Bailey|first=David C.|year=1974|title=Viva Cristo Rey!: the Cristero rebellion and the church-state conflict in Mexico|series=The Texas Pan American series|location=Austin, TX|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=9780292787001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8IZ6AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA49}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 {{cite journal|last=Ramírez Rancaño|first=Mario|date=2002|title=La ruptura con el Vaticano: José Joaquín Pérez y la Iglesia Católica Apostólica Mexicana 1925-1931|language=Spanish|journal=Estudios de historia moderna y contemporánea de México|volume=24|issue=|location=México, MX|publisher=Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Histórica|pages=103–142|issn=0185-2620|url=http://www.historicas.unam.mx/moderna/ehmc/ehmc24/295.html|access-date=2015-10-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601121817/http://www.historicas.unam.mx/moderna/ehmc/ehmc24/295.html|archivedate=2009-06-01|deadurl=no}} 3. ^Extracto de la solicitud de registro constitutivo de la Iglesia Católica Apostólica Mexicana, como Asociación Religiosa 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite journal|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Academy of American Franciscan History|journal=The Americas|issn=0003-1615|volume=65|issue=4|date=Apr 2009|last=Butler|first=Matthew|title=Sontanas Rojinegras: Catholic anticlericalism and Mexico's revolutionary schism|pages=535–558|jstor=25488181|doi=10.1353/tam.0.0108}} 5. ^1 {{cite thesis|location=Reading|publisher=University of Reading|type=PhD|last=Cross|first=Anthony J|title=Père Hyacinthe Loyson, the Eglise Catholique Gallicane (1879–1893) and the Anglican Reform Mission|year=2011|pages=|url=http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.553120|accessdate=2013-07-14}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book|location=Berkeley|publisher=Apocryphile Press|series=Independent Catholic Heritage series|last=Anson|first=Peter F|authorlink=Peter Anson|title=Bishops at large|year=2006|origyear=©1964|edition=1st Apocryphile|isbn=0-9771461-8-9}} 7. ^{{cite news|date=1926-10-29|title=Returns to Mexico|newspaper=El Paso Herald|location=Chicago, IL|publication-place=El Paso, TX|publisher=|agency=Associated Press|page=1|issn=|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3456885/perez_returns_to_mexico/|access-date=2015-10-21|via=Newspapers.com}} {{Open access}} 8. ^1 2 {{cite book|last=Badillo|first=David A|author-link=|year=2006|chapter=Mexico's revolution travels to San Antonio|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9W3OekHm6kC&pg=PA29|title=Latinos and the new immigrant church|location=Baltimore|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=9780801883880|pages=30–31}} 9. ^1 2 {{cite book|location=San Bernardino, CA|publisher=Borgo Press|last=Brandreth|first=Henry R. T|title=Episcopi Vagantes and the Anglican Church|year=1987|origyear=First published in 1947|isbn=0893705586}} 10. ^{{cite book|last=Green|first=Vivian H.|year=2000|title=A new history of Christianity|location=New York|publisher=Continuum|isbn=9780826412270|page=311|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-N8lNI02R0C&pg=PA311}} 11. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Vargas|first=Jorge A.|date=|year=|title=Freedom of religion and public worship in Mexico: a legal commentary on the 1992 Federal Act on Religious Matters|journal=BYU Law Review|volume=1998|issue=2|location=Provo, UT|publisher=Brigham Young University Law Review|issn=2162-8572|url=http://digitalcommons.law.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2800&context=lawreview|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218144603/http://digitalcommons.law.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2800&context=lawreview|archivedate=2015-02-18|access-date=2015-10-14|deadurl=no}} {{open access}} 12. ^1 2 3 {{Source-attribution|{{cite book|last=Plenn|first=Jaime H.|year=1939|title=Mexico marches|location=Indianapolis|publisher=Bobbs-Merrill|oclc=558440255|pages=192–194|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015059498330?urlappend=%3Bseq=204}}}} 13. ^1 {{cite web|last=Redington|first=Norman H.|date=|title=Mexico|website=voskrese.info|location=Moscow?|publisher=|url=http://www.voskrese.info/spl/Xmexico.html|access-date=2015-10-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924181615/http://www.voskrese.info/spl/Xmexico.html|archivedate=2015-09-24|deadurl=no}} {{tertiary|date=October 2015}} 14. ^{{cite book|last1=Stokoe|first1=Mark|last2=Kishkovsky|first2=Leonid|year=1995|title=Orthodox Christians in North America 1794–1994|location=Syosset, NY|publisher=Orthodox Christian Publications Center|isbn=9780866420532|url=https://oca.org/history-archives/orthodox-christians-na/chapter-9|access-date=2015-10-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602222915/http://oca.org/history-archives/orthodox-christians-na/chapter-9|archivedate=2012-06-02|deadurl=no|via=oca.org}} External links
Further reading
4 : Independent Catholic denominations|Catholicism in Mexico|Religious organizations established in 1925|1925 establishments in Mexico |
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