“Limfjord”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Limfjord (common Danish: Limfjorden {{IPA-da|ˈliːmˌfjoːˀɐn|}}, in north Jutlandish dialect: Æ Limfjord) is a shallow part of the sea, located in Denmark where it is regarded as a fjord ever since the Vikings. However it has inlets both from the North Sea and Kattegat and hence separates the island of North Jutlandic Island (Danish: Nørrejyske Ø, which includes the old provinces Vendsyssel, Han herred and Thy) from the rest of the Jutland Peninsula. It extends from Thyborøn Channel on the North Sea to Hals on the Kattegat. It is approximately 180 kilometres long and of an irregular shape with numerous bays, narrowings, and islands, most notably Mors, and the smaller ones Fur, Venø, Jegindø, Egholm and Livø. It is deepest at Hvalpsund (24 metres).

Its main port is Aalborg, where a railway bridge (Jernbanebroen over Limfjorden) and road bridge (Limfjordsbroen) are built across Limfjorden to Nørresundby, while motorway E45 passes it through a tunnel to the east. Commercial ports also exist at Thisted, Nykøbing Mors, Skive, Løgstør, Struer, Lemvig and Thyborøn. There are also bridges at Oddesund, Sallingsund, Vilsund, Aggersund and Sebbersund, and a number of ferry crossings.

History

Western opening

The Limurfjord had only an opening to the sea in the east from the early Middle Ages until 1825. In that year, the North Sea broke through from the west and created a second opening, turning the northern part of Jutland Vendsyssel-Thy into an island.

An isthmus of shifting sand has separated the Limfjord from the North Sea during historic times. The present inlet, Thyborøn Channel, has existed only since 1862. A passage also existed during the Viking age. Based on place names and the geography it is thought to have been to the south of the present one, between Ferring Sø (locally still called 'the Fjord') and Hygum Nor. Canute the Great sailed into it in 1027 on his way back from England. According to Saxo Grammaticus it closed at some time around 1200. There are records of several floods piercing the isthmus during the 16th to early 19th century.

On 3 February 1825 a flood pierced a permanent opening, the so-called Agger Channel, in the north of the 13 km long and less than 1 km wide isthmus, the Agger Tange, which had until then linked Thy with the rest of Jutland. The western part of North Jutland lost its road connection with mainland Jutland, but the towns and harbours in the western part of the Limfjord could benefit from becoming directly accessible from the North Sea, to the dismay of Aalborg. From the 1840s the route became increasingly important, as Britain had opened for import of grain, and ships could return with British coal. However, the instability of Agger Channel made the towns of the western Limfjord look for a second option.

In 1862, a flood pierced another opening, the Thyborøn Channel, through the remainder of Agger Tange (see satellite image). Agger Channel was continuously filling with sand and eventually closed in 1877. Since then, the remaining Thyborøn Channel is kept open and navigable through dredging. The harbour of Thyborøn was built in 1914-18 and a town was founded. The two isthmuses have shifted eastwards since the 1800s. They are only being preserved by groynes, persistent sandpumping and two road dams along their inward (eastern) side.

Løgstør Banks and Frederik VII Canal

At Løgstør, where the wide western part of the Limfjord meets the narrow eastern section, the infamous sand banks Løgstør Grunde were an obstacle to ships. Larger ships needed to be unloaded and reloaded when passing the banks. The Frederik VII Canal at Løgstør was completed in 1861 to allow for easier passage. Traffic had increased after the western opening at Thyborøn became navigable. The sand banks were finally dredged out in 1901, rendering the canal obsolete. The canal is now a well-preserved heritage site.

Plans for re-closing western inlet

A 1946 act provided for re-closing the Channel with dams and sluices at Thyborøn, but this was never carried out. This idea re-emerged in 2005 and is now officially being investigated. It is thought that the isthmuses would be easier to preserve, and that the water level of the Limfjord would be more controllable. In periods of persisting western winds, flooding occurs at low-lying land and harbour areas in the towns of the western Limfjord, since the water can't escape through the narrow, eastern part of the Limfjord.^[1]

Historically, a North Sea to Limfjord canal has also been proposed between Hanstholm harbour and Vejlerne (or Klitmøller and Thisted), e.g. by Jørgen Fibiger in 1933,^[2] the engineer behind the project of Hanstholm harbour.

In literature

Limgrim legend

According to myth, a woman (in some versions a jötunn) gave birth to a pig, Limgrim, which soon grew so big its hairs could be seen over treetops. It strolled around and dug channels in the ground. One day it reached the sea and water broke in. This would have been at the eastern inlet of the Limfjord, at Hals. The legend is also handed down in a medieval ballad, with a Christian tint. In the ballad, the pig is summoned to Thing by peasants to pay for the damage to their crops, and it is sentenced to the breaking wheel.^[3]

The state environmental surveillance vessel Limgrim, based at Skive, is named after the legend.

Limfjord poets

A number of writers of the Modern Breakthrough period (1870-1890) and the next decades came from the area around the Limfjord and often used it as a lyrical motif, or a setting for their prose: Jens Peter Jacobsen of Thisted, Johan Skjoldborg of Hannæs, Jakob Knudsen of Aggersborg, Jeppe Aakjær and Marie Bregendahl of Fjends, Nobel Prize laureate Johannes Vilhelm Jensen of Farsø and his sister Thit Jensen. Thøger Larsen of Lemvig belonged to the symbolism of the 1920s. Johannes Buchholtz in Struer was a prose writer and his home was a meeting point for many of the Limfjord writers. It is still maintained by Struer Museum and possible to visit. Jeppe Aakjær's farm Jenle close to Skive, Johan Skjoldborg's house in Øsløs, and the Johannes V. Jensen Museum in Farsø are also open to the public. Erik Bertelsen of Harboør is best known for the song Blæsten går frisk over Limfjordens vande ('The Wind Goes Fresh over the Limfjord's Waters'), a much-used "local anthem".

The later ones of these Limfjord writers, along with a few others, formed the Jutland Movement which revolted against the symbolism of the early 20th century. Instead, they wrote social realistic prose, often about poor and exploited people in the countryside, who were a little-known part of Danish society to the establishment in Copenhagen.^[4]

Biology and climate

The western breakthrough of 1825 changed the waters of the Limfjord from brackish to salty with a considerable current from west to east. Hypoxia sometimes occurs due to warm, windless periods in summer or ice in winter.

The fjord has today oceanic salinity, approximately 30 PSU (or per mille by weight) at all depths. Many animals and maritime plants that can be found in Skagerrak, Kattegat and the North Sea might hence be found in the fjord.

Due to its shallow waters, the temperature rises rather quickly during warm and sunny days from mid April to early September. While in winter, ice can form faster during the cold periods, especially in bays with little current. Far from all winters experience problematic ice conditions.

The Limfjord is notable for its tasty mussels (Mytilus edulis) [https://web.archive.org/web/20050512032850/http://www.nioo.knaw.nl/projects/MaBenE/page/workplan/]. Gourmets appreciate its oysters which are considered to be of extraordinary size and quality.

Without the western breakthrough in 1825, these mussels wouldn't grow so well as they do in the oceanic salinity waters.

References

1. ^Torben Larsen: Flood in the Limfjord {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120802142836/http://www.hum.aau.dk/video/2010/bygg/torbenlarsen/ |date=2012-08-02 }}, lecture and Power Point, Aalborg University, 7 April 2010
2. ^En Kanal fra Limfjorden til Jammerbugten (A Canal from the Limfjord to the Jammerbugt), Aalborg Stiftstidende, 2 Jan. 1933 (in Danish) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109015742/http://www.thistedmuseum.dk/paludan/Txt/Ingeni%C3%B8ren%20bag%20Hanstholm%20Havn%20J%C3%B8rgen%20Fibiger.htm |date=2016-01-09 }}
3. ^August F. Schmidt: Lidt om Limfjorden : Limgrises Vise; Smaaøer og Holme {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308171831/http://www.thistedmuseum.dk/Historisk%20%C3%85rbog/%C3%85rgang%201929/Schmidt%2C%20August%20F.%20%20%20Lidt%20om%20Limfjorden.pdf |date=2012-03-08 }} (A little about the Limfjord : Limgrise's ballad, small islets and holms), Historisk Årbog for Thisted amt 1929 (in Danish)
4. ^The Jutland movement {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926181143/http://www.jeppeaakjaer.dk/den_jyske_bevaegelse.htm |date=2013-09-26 }}, jeppeaakjaer.dk (in Danish)