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词条 List of artificial objects on Mars
释义

  1. Legend

  2. Table of objects

  3. Examples (surface)

  4. From orbit

  5. Landing site namings and memorials

  6. See also

  7. References

The following table is a partial list of artificial objects on the surface of Mars, consisting of spacecraft which were launched from Earth. Most are defunct after having served their purpose, but the Curiosity rover and the InSight lander are still operational as of 2018. InSight is the most recent artificial object to land safely on Mars. The table does not include smaller objects, such as springs, fragments, parachutes and heat shields. As of November 5, 2016, there are about 14 spacecraft missions on the surface of Mars: some of these missions have multiple spacecraft.

Legend

No data collection
Transmitted data
Operational

Table of objects

In this listing, it is implied that each mission left debris according to its design. For example, the Schiaparelli EDM lander likely exploded on impact, creating an unknown number of fragments at one location. At another location, there may be a lower heat shield, and at another location, a parachute and upper heat shield. Another example is the counterweights ejected by MSL during its descent. In some cases, the nature and location of this additional debris has been determined and, in other cases, even the location of the main spacecraft has remained unknown. The identification of Beagle 2 after 11 years is one of the greatest breakthroughs yet, since prior to that, it could not be confirmed what had happened.[2] Spacecraft that have not been precisely located include Mars 2, Mars 3, Mars 6, Mars Polar Lander, and the two Deep Space 2 probes.

Artificial objectImageNationalityLandedMass (kg)StatusLocation
Mars 2 USSR19711210Failure during descent; crashed on surfaceEstimated @ {{Coord|45|S|313|W|globe:Mars|name=Mars 2}}[3]
Mars 3 USSR19711210Transmission failure 14.5 seconds after soft landingEstimated @ Sirenum Terra, {{Coord|45|S|158|W|globe:Mars|name=Mars 3}}[4]
Mars 6 USSR1973635Returned corrupted data for 224 seconds during its descent but contact lost before reaching surface[5]Estimated @ Margaritifer Terra, {{Coord|23.90|S|19.42|W|globe:Mars|name=Mars 6}}[6]
Viking 1 lander United States1976657Operated 2245 sols. Last contact Nov 11, 1982Chryse Planitia, {{Coord|22.697|N|48.222|W|globe:Mars|name=Viking 1}}[7]
Viking 2 lander United States1976657Operated 1281 sols. Last contact Apr 11, 1980Utopia Planitia, {{Coord|48.269|N|225.990|W|globe:Mars|name=Viking 2}}[8]
Mars Pathfinder lander and Sojourner rover United States1997360Operated 83 sols. Last contact Sep 27, 1997[9]Ares Vallis, {{Coord|19.33|N|33.55|W|globe:Mars|name=Mars Pathfinder and Sojourner}}[10][11]
Mars Climate Orbiter United States1999629Destroyed by atmospheric stresses & friction.[12]Unknown
Mars Polar Lander and Deep Space 2 United States1999500Unknown failure during descent; crashed on surfaceEstimated @ Ultimi Scopuli, {{Coord|76|S|195|W|globe:Mars|name=Mars Polar Lander and Deep Space 2}}[13][14]
Beagle 2 United Kingdom200333.2Landed safely; solar panels failed to deployIsidis Planitia, {{Coord|11.5265|N|90.4295|E|globe:Mars|name=Beagle 2 landing site}}
Spirit rover (MER-A) United States2004185Operated 2210 sols. Last contact Mar 22, 2010Gusev crater, {{Coord|14.5718|S|175.4785|E|globe:Mars|name=Spirit rover}}[15][16]
Opportunity rover (MER-B) United States2004185Operated 5111 sols. Last contact June 10, 2018Meridiani Planum, {{Coord|1.9462|S|354.4734|E|globe:Mars|name=Opportunity rover}}[17][18]
Phoenix Mars Lander United States2008350Operated 155 sols. Last contact Nov 2, 2008Vastitas Borealis, unofficially named Green Valley, {{Coord|68.15|N|125.9|W|globe:Mars|name=Phoenix}}[19]
Mars Science Laboratory (Curiosity) United States2012900Still in operation, {{age in sols|2012|08|06}} solsAeolis Palus in Gale Crater, {{Coord|4|36|0|S|137|12|0|E|globe:mars}}
Schiaparelli EDM lander Europe (ESA)
Russia (Roscosmos)		2016577Likely crashed on impact; transmitted descent telemetryMeridiani Planum
InSight lander United States2018358LandedElysium Planitia[20][21]
{{Coord|4.5|N|135.0|E|globe:Mars|name=InSight landing site}}
Total estimated mass (kg)10,240
  • Orbiters whose orbit could eventually decay and impact the surface, include: Viking 1 and Viking 2 orbiters, MRO, 2001 Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, Mars Global Surveyor, Phobos 2, Mars 2, Mars 3, and Mars 5 orbiters, and Mariner 9. (See also List of Mars orbiters.)
  • Mariner 9, which entered Mars orbit in 1971, is expected to remain in orbit until approximately 2022, when the spacecraft is projected to enter the Martian atmosphere and either burn up or crash into the planet's surface.[22]

Examples (surface)

From orbit

Landing site namings and memorials

{{see also|List of extraterrestrial memorials#Mars}}

Several landing sites have been named, either the spacecraft itself or the landing site:

  • Pennants of Soviet Union on Mars 2 and Mars 3 landers (1971).[23]
  • Thomas Mutch Memorial Station, the Viking 1 lander (1976).[24]
  • Gerald Soffen Memorial Station, the Viking 2 lander (1976).[25]
  • Carl Sagan Memorial Station, Mars Pathfinder (Sojourner) base (1997).[26]
  • Challenger Memorial Station, MER-B (Opportunity) landing site area (2004).[27]
  • Columbia Memorial Station, MER-A (Spirit) landing site area (2004).[28]
  • Green Valley, the Phoenix lander (2008).
  • Bradbury Landing, Curiosity rover landing site (August 6, 2012).[29] (Note: Due to the nature of the landing system, there is no actual space hardware at the touchdown location of Bradbury Landing, see Curiosity (rover))
  • InSight Landing, the InSight lander (2018).
{{Features and memorials on Mars}}{{clear}}

See also

  • Exploration of Mars
  • Life on Mars
  • List of artificial objects on extra-terrestrial surfaces
  • List of extraterrestrial memorials
  • List of missions to Mars
  • Timeline of planetary exploration

References

1. ^ 
2. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/jan/16/lost-beagle-2-spacecraft-found-mars]
3. ^{{cite web|url = http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-045A|title = NASA NSSDC Master Catalog - Mars 2|accessdate = 2010-12-24}}
4. ^{{cite web|url = http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-049A|title = NASA NSSDC Master Catalog - Mars 3|accessdate = 2010-12-24}}
5. ^ 
6. ^{{cite web|url = http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1973-052A|title = NASA NSSDC Master Catalog - Mars 6|accessdate = 2010-12-24}}
7. ^{{cite web|url = http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1975-075C|title = NASA NSSDC Master Catalog - Viking 1 lander|accessdate = 2010-12-24}}
8. ^{{cite web|url = http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1975-083C|title = NASA NSSDC Master Catalog - Viking 2 lander|accessdate = 2010-12-24}}
9. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.marsnews.com/missions/pathfinder/|title = Mars Pathfinder|accessdate = 2011-12-07}}
10. ^{{cite web|url = http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1996-068A|title = NASA NSSDC Master Catalog - Mars Pathfinder|accessdate = 2010-12-24}}
11. ^{{cite web|url = http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=MESURPR|title = NASA NSSDC Master Catalog - Mars Pathfinder Rover|accessdate = 2010-12-24}}
12. ^{{cite web|url = http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1998-073A|title = NASA NSSDC Master Catalog - Mars Climate Orbiter|accessdate = 2010-12-24}}
13. ^{{cite web|url = http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1999-001A|title = NASA NSSDC Master Catalog - Mars Polar Lander|accessdate = 2010-12-24}}
14. ^{{cite web|url = http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=DEEPSP2|title = NASA NSSDC Master Catalog - Deep Space 2|accessdate = 2010-12-24}}
15. ^{{cite web|url = http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2003-027A|title = NASA NSSDC Master Catalog - Spirit Rover (MER-A)|accessdate = 2010-12-24}}
16. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.esa.int/export/SPECIALS/Mars_Express/SEM2UE1PGQD_1.html|title = ESA Mars Express - Spirit Rover landing site image and coordinates|accessdate = 2010-12-24}}
17. ^{{cite web|url = http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2003-032A|title = NASA NSSDC Master Catalog - Opportunity Rover (MER-B)|accessdate = 2010-12-24}}
18. ^{{Cite journal |last1 = Squyres |first1 = S. W. |last2 = Arvidson |first2 = R. E. |last3 = Bollen |first3 = D. |last4 = Bell |first4 = J. F. |last5 = Brückner |first5 = J. |last6 = Cabrol |first6 = N. A. |last7 = Calvin |first7 = W. M. |last8 = Carr |first8 = M. H. |last9 = Christensen |first9 = P. R. |last10 = Clark |first10 = B. C. |last11 = Crumpler |first11 = L. |last12 = Des Marais |first12 = D. J. |last13 = d'Uston |first13 = C. |last14 = Economou |first14 = T. |last15 = Farmer |first15 = J. |last16 = Farrand |first16 = W. H. |last17 = Folkner |first17 = W. |last18 = Gellert |first18 = R. |last19 = Glotch |first19 = T. D. |last20 = Golombek |first20 = M. |last21 = Gorevan |first21 = S. |last22 = Grant |first22 = J. A. |last23 = Greeley |first23 = R. |last24 = Grotzinger |first24 = J. |last25 = Herkenhoff |first25 = K. E. |last26 = Hviid |first26 = S. |last27 = Johnson |first27 = J. R. |last28 = Klingelhöfer |first28 = G. |last29 = Knoll |first29 = A. H. |last30 = Landis |first30 = G. |title = Overview of the Opportunity Mars Exploration Rover Mission to Meridiani Planum: Eagle Crater to Purgatory Ripple |doi = 10.1029/2006JE002771 |journal = Journal of Geophysical Research |volume = 111 |year = 2006 |url = http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~grotz/Publications/Publications_files/2006_Squyres_Meridiani_Eagle_Purgatory.pdf |id = E12S12 |accessdate = 2010-12-24 |display-authors = 29 |bibcode = 2006JGRE..11112S12S |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120319210046/http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~grotz/Publications/Publications_files/2006_Squyres_Meridiani_Eagle_Purgatory.pdf |archivedate = 2012-03-19 |df = }} Opportunity Rover (MER-B) coordinates on pg. 2.
19. ^{{cite web|url = http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2007-034A|title = NASA NSSDC Master Catalog - Phoenix Mars Lander|accessdate = 2010-12-24}}
20. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/insight/news/insight20130904.html |title=NASA Evaluates Four Candidate Sites for 2016 Mars Mission |publisher=NASA |date=4 September 2013 |accessdate=4 September 2013}}
21. ^{{cite news |url=http://insight.jpl.nasa.gov/newsdisplay.cfm?Subsite_News_ID=37592 |title=Single Site on Mars Advanced for 2016 NASA Lander |publisher=NASA |date=4 March 2015 |accessdate=16 December 2015}}
22. ^NASA - This Month in NASA History: Mariner 9, November 29, 2011 – Vol. 4, Issue 9 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514043808/http://www.nasa.gov/offices/oce/appel/ask-academy/issues/volume4/ata_4-9_mariner_9_prt.htm |date=May 14, 2013 }}
23. ^Soviet Craft - Mars (1960-1974) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708214014/http://burro.cwru.edu/stu/advanced/20th_soviet_mars.html |date=2013-07-08 }}
24. ^NSSDC - Viking 1 lander
25. ^NSSDC - Viking 2 lander
26. ^NSSDC - Mars Pathfinder
27. ^NASA - Space Shuttle Challenger Crew Memorialized on Mars
28. ^NASA - Space Shuttle Columbia Crew Memorialized on Mars
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/videogallery/index.html?media_id=150917411 |title=Curiosity Landing Site Named for Ray Bradbury |date=August 22, 2012 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=August 24, 2012}}
{{Features and artificial objects on Mars}}{{Mars}}{{Planetary exploration}}{{portal bar|Mars}}

4 : Missions to Mars|Lists of coordinates|Surface features of Mars|Spacecraft by disposition
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