| 词条 | Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|conventional_long_name = Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate |common_name = Mount Lebanon |native_name = Cebel-i Lübnan Mutasarrıflığı |subdivision = Mutasarrifate |nation = the Ottoman Empire |year_start = 1861 |year_end = 1918 |event_start = |date_start = |event_end = French occupation |date_end = |event1 = |date_event1 = |event2 = |date_event2 = |event3 = |date_event3 = |p1 = Mount Lebanon Emirate |flag_p1 = |s1 = Occupied Enemy Territory Administration| |flag_s1 = |image_flag = |flag = |image_map = Mount Lebanon, Ottoman Syria 1914.png |image_map_size = 200px |image_map_caption = The Mutasarrifate in 1914 |capital = Deir el Qamar[1] |today = {{flag|Lebanon}} |stat_year1 = 1870[2] |stat_area1 = |stat_pop1 = 110000 }} The Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate[3][4][5] ({{lang-ar|متصرفية جبل لبنان }}; {{lang-tr|Cebel-i Lübnan Mutasarrıflığı}}) was one of the Ottoman Empire's subdivisions following the Tanzimat reform. After 1861 there existed an autonomous Mount Lebanon with a Christian mutasarrıf, which had been created as a homeland for the Maronites under European diplomatic pressure following the 1860 massacres. Background1840 Mount Lebanon conflict{{Main|1840 Lebanon conflict}}As the Ottoman Empire began to decline, the administrative structure came under pressure. Following continued animosity and fighting between the Maronites and the Druze, representatives of the European powers proposed to Sultan Abdülmecid I that the Lebanon be partitioned into Christian and Druze sections. The Sublime Porte was finally compelled to relinquish its plans for the direct rule of the Lebanon, and on December 7, 1842, the sultan adopted prince Metternich's proposal and asked Assad Pasha, the governor (wali) of Beirut, to divide the Mount Lebanon, into two districts: a northern district under a Christian Kaymakam and a southern district under a Druze Kaymakam, both chosen among tribal leaders. Both officials were to report to the governor of Sidon, who resided in Beirut.[6][6] 1860 civil war{{Main|1860 Mount Lebanon civil war}}On May 22, 1860, a small group of Maronites fired on a group of Druze at the entrance to Beirut {{citation needed|date=July 2016}}, killing one and wounding two. This sparked a torrent of violence which swept through Lebanon. In a mere three days, from May 29 to 31, 60 villages were destroyed in the vicinity of Beirut.[6] 33 Christians and 48 Druze were killed.[7] By June the disturbances had spread to the “mixed” neighborhoods of southern Lebanon and the Anti Lebanon, to Sidon, Hasbaya, Rashaya, Deir el Qamar, and Zahlé. The Druze peasants laid siege to Catholic monasteries and missions, burnt them, and killed the monks.[8] France intervened on behalf of the local Christian population and Britain on behalf of the Druze after the massacres, in which over 10,000 Christians were killed.[9][10] HistoryCreation of the MutasarrifateOn 5 September 1860, an international commission composed of France, Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia and the Ottoman Empire met to investigate the causes of the events of 1860 and to recommend a new administrative and judicial system for Lebanon that would prevent the recurrence of such events. In the 1861 "Règlement Organique", Mount Lebanon was preliminarily separated from Syria and reunited under a non-Lebanese Christian mutasarrıf (governor) appointed by the Ottoman sultan, with the approval of the European powers. Mount Lebanon became a semi-autonomous mutasarrifate.[13][11] In September 1864, the statute became permanent.[12][13][14] The mutasarrıf was to be assisted by an administrative council of twelve members from the various religious communities in Lebanon. Each of the six religious groups inhabiting the Lebanon (Maronites, Druzes, Sunni, Shi’a, Greek Orthodox and Melkite) elected two members to the council.[10][12] This Mutasarrifate system lasted from 1861 until 1918,[15] although it was de facto abolished by Djemal Pasha (one of the "Three Pashas" of the World War I-era Ottoman leadership) in 1915, after which he appointed his own governors. NamingThe members of the international commission researched many names for the new administrative division and its governor. Many titles were considered; Emir (أمير) was quickly refuted because it was offensive to the Ottoman Porte (Emir being a title of the Ottoman Sultan) and was reminiscent of the Emirate system that the Ottomans fought to abolish. Vali (والي) also fell from consideration because the commission members wanted to convey the importance of the rank of the new title which was above than to that of the Ottoman governors of nearby vilayets;{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} "Governor" (حاكم) was also abandoned because they thought the title was commonplace and widespread. The commission members also ruminated over the title of "President" (رئيس جمهورية) but the designation was not approved by the Ottoman government. After two weeks of deliberation, the French term plénipotentiaire was agreed upon and its Turkish translation mutasarrıf was adopted as the new title for the governor and for the division, which was dubbed in Arabic as the mutasarrifiyah of Mount Lebanon.[16] List of mutasarrifsEight mutasarrifs were appointed and ruled according to the basic mutasarrifate regulation that was issued in 1861 then modified by the 1864 reform. These were:
The mnemonic word "DaFRuWNaMYO" (in Arabic, دفرونميا) helped school children memorize the name of the mutasarrifs. List of GovernorsWhen the First World War broke out in 1914, Djemal Pasha occupied Mount Lebanon militarily and revoked the mutasarrifate system. He appointed the mutasarrifs during this period. Those governors were:
DemographicsThe total population in 1895 was estimated as 399,530, with 80,234 (20.1%) Muslims and 319,296 (79.9%) Christians.[17] In 1913, the total population was estimated as 414,747, with 85,232 (20.6%) Muslims and 329,482 (79.4%) Christians.[17] 1895 and 1913 censusesSource:[17]
GalleryMapsSee also
References1. ^{{cite book|last=Pavet de Courteille|first=Abel|authorlink=Abel Pavet de Courteille|title=État présent de l'empire ottoman|year=1876|publisher=J. Dumaine|pages=112–113|url=https://archive.org/stream/tatprsentdelemp00courgoog#page/n124/mode/2up|language=French}} 2. ^{{cite book|title=Reports by Her Majesty's secretaries of embassy and legation on the ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W04SAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA176|publisher=Great Britain. Foreign office|page=176}} 3. ^{{cite book | title=Beirut | publisher=University of California Press |author1=Fisk, Robert |author2=Debevoise, Malcolm |author3=Kassir, Samir | authorlink=Robert Fisk | year=2010 | pages=94 | isbn=978-0-520-25668-2}} 4. ^{{cite book | title=Cultural resources in Lebanon | publisher=Librarie du Liban | author=Salwa C. Nassar Foundation | year=1969 | location=Beirut | pages=74}} 5. ^{{cite book | title=Lebanon: war and politics in a fragmented society | publisher=Routledge | author=Winslow, Charles | year=1996 | pages=291 | isbn=978-0-415-14403-2}} 6. ^{{Cite book | publisher = Kessinger Publishing | isbn = 978-1-4191-2943-8 | pages = 264 | last = United States Library of Congress - Federal Research Division | title = Lebanon A Country Study | year = 2004 }} 7. ^{{cite book|author=Ceasar E. Farah|title=Politics of Interventionism in Ottoman Lebanon, 1830-1861|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uxkz9D4Ff_sC&pg=PA564|accessdate=2013-06-30|year=2000|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-056-8|page=564}} 8. ^1 2 {{cite web| url= http://www.marxists.org/subject/arab-world/lutsky/ch09.htm | title= Modern History of the Arab Countries | last= Lutsky| first= Vladimir Borisovich | accessdate = 2009-11-12| year = 1969| publisher = Progress Publishers}} 9. ^{{Cite book | edition = illustrated | publisher = I.B.Tauris & Company | isbn = 978-1-86064-028-5 | pages = 320 | last = Fawaz | first = Leila Tarazi | title = Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860 | year = 1995 }} 10. ^1 {{Cite web | last = U.S. Library of Congress | title = Lebanon - Religious Conflicts | work = countrystudies.us | accessdate = 2009-11-23 | url = http://countrystudies.us/lebanon/18.htm }} 11. ^[https://books.google.com.lb/books?id=W3asKDHYERwC&pg=PA99 The Origins of the Lebanese National Idea, 1840-1920], p. 99. Carol Hakim, University of California Press, 2013. {{ISBN|9780520273412}} 12. ^1 2 {{cite web| url= http://www.marxists.org/subject/arab-world/lutsky/ch09.htm#s11 | title= Modern History of the Arab Countries, sections 11-12 | last= Lutsky| first= Vladimir Borisovich }} 13. ^[https://books.google.com.lb/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA414 Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire], p. 414. Gabor Agoston, Bruce Masters, Infobase Publishing, 2009. {{ISBN|9781438110257}} 14. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=4x09OvMBMmgC&pg=PA181 The Arabs of the Ottoman Empire, 1516-1918: A Social and Cultural History], pp. 181-182. Bruce Masters, Cambridge University Press, 2013. {{ISBN|978-1-107-03363-4}} 15. ^1 {{Cite web | last = el-Mallah | first = Abdallah | title = The system of Moutasarrifiat rule | work = abdallahmallah.com | accessdate = 2009-11-16 | url = http://www.abdallahmallah.com/Moutasarrifia.html | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101231031442/http://www.abdallahmallah.com/Moutasarrifia.html | archivedate = 2010-12-31 | df = }} 16. ^عهد المتصرفين في لبنان، لحد خاطر: "لماذا سُميت المتصرفيّة"، صفحة: 11-12 {{ar icon}} 17. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=Joseph Chamie|title=Religion and Fertility: Arab Christian-Muslim Differentials|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lCE4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA29|accessdate=2013-06-28|date=1981-04-30|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-28147-8|page=29}} External links
3 : Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman period in Lebanon|1861 establishments in the Ottoman Empire |
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