| 词条 | American Heart Association |
| 释义 |
| logo = American Heart Association Logo.svg | logo_size = 250px | type = | key_people = | footnotes = | name = American Heart Association | founded_date = February 26, 1924 (95 years ago) | location = 7272 Greenville Avenue Dallas, TX 75231-4596 | origins = | area_served = | product = | mission = "Building healthier lives, free of cardiovascular diseases and stroke" | focus = | method = | revenue = | endowment = | num_volunteers = | num_employees = | num_members = | subsid = | owner = | Non-profit_slogan = Life is Why | homepage = Official Website | dissolved = }} The American Heart Association (AHA) is a non-profit organization in the United States that funds cardiovascular medical research[1], educates consumers on healthy living[2] and fosters appropriate cardiac care in an effort to reduce disability and deaths caused by cardiovascular disease and stroke. Originally formed in New York City in 1924 as the Association for the Prevention and Relief of Heart Disease,[3] it is currently headquartered in Dallas, Texas. The American Heart Association is a national voluntary health agency. They are known for publishing [https://professional.heart.org/professional/GuidelinesStatements/UCM_316885_Guidelines-Statements.jsp guidelines] on cardiovascular disease and prevention, standards on basic life support and advanced cardiac life support (ACLS), and in 2014 issued its first guidelines for preventing strokes in women.[4] They are known also for operating a number of highly visible public service campaigns starting in the 1970s, and also operate a number of fundraising events. In 1994, the Chronicle of Philanthropy, an industry publication, released a study that showed the American Heart Association was ranked as the 5th "most popular charity/non-profit in America."[5] The Association was listed as the 22nd largest charity by Forbes in 2018[3]. The mission of the organization, updated in 2018, is "To be a relentless force for a world of longer, healthier lives."[4] History1915–1980s: Founding and early yearsThe American Heart Association grew out of a set of smaller precursor groups. The primary precursor was the Association for the Prevention and Relief of Heart Disease, formed in New York City in 1915, to study whether patients with heart disease could safely return to work. Several similar organizations formed or evolved in Boston, Philadelphia, and Chicago in the 1920s. Recognizing the need for a national organization to share research and promote findings, the American Heart Association was formed in 1924 by six cardiologists representing several of these precursor groups.[5] The AHA remained small until the 1940s when it was selected for support by Procter & Gamble, via their PR firm, from a list of applicant charities. Procter & Gamble gave $1.5 million from its radio show, Truth or Consequences, allowing the organization to go national.[6] Proctor & Gamble turned cottonseeds from a waste product of cotton production into something that could be sold as a supposedly "heart-healthy" alternative to its competition - animal fats, which were mostly saturated. Proctor & Gamble were the inventors of the fake trans-fat margarine called Crisco (Crystallized Cottonseed Oil), which was touted by the AHA as healthier than butter. We now know that the artificial trans-fat from partially hydrogenated vegetable oils are extremely unhealthy for us. However, the trans fat CLA (Conjugated Linoleic Acid) from grass-fed cows is considered healthy and is even widely sold as a supplement. Recommendations regarding limiting saturated fats and cholesterol emerged from a series of scientific studies in the 1950s, and related American Heart Association dietary guidelines emerged between 1957 and 1961. The 1957 AHA report included: (1) Diet may play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, (2) The fat content and total calories in the diet are probably important factors, (3) The ratio between saturated and unsaturated fat may be the basic determinant, and (4) A wide variety of other factors beside fat, both dietary and non-dietary, may be important. By 1961, these finding had been strengthened, leading to the new 1961 AHA recommendations: (1) Maintain a correct body weight, (2) Engage in moderate exercise, e.g., walking to aid in weight reduction, (3) Reduce intake of total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol. Increase intake of polyunsaturated fat, (4) Men with a strong family history of atherosclerosis should pay particular attention to diet modification, and (5) Dietary changes should be carried out under medical supervision. These recommendations continued to become more precise from 1957 to 1980, but maintained "a general coherence among them".[7] 1990s–2000s: Awareness campaignsIn 1994, the Chronicle of Philanthropy, an industry publication, released the results of the largest study of charitable and non-profit organization popularity and credibility. The study showed that the American Heart Association was ranked as the 5th "most popular charity/non-profit in America" of over 100 charities researched with 95% of Americans over the age of 12 choosing Love and Like A lot description category.[8] In 2003 published the “Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure” (JNC 7).[9] On October 28, 2009 The American Heart Association and the Ad Council launched a hands-only CPR public service announcement and website.[10] On November 30, 2009, The American Heart Association announced a new cardiac arrest awareness campaign called Be the Beat.[11] The campaign's aim is to teach 12- to 15-year-olds fun ways to learn the basics of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and how to use an automated external defibrillator. In 2004 the AHA launched the "Go Red for Women" campaign[12] specifically targeting women, with information about risks and action they can take to protect their health. All revenues from the local and national campaigns go to support awareness, research, education and community programs to benefit women.[13] 2012 – Current: Recent events and activitiesIt also carried out a campaign in 2012 to educate more people on how to carry out hands-only CPR.[14][15][16] The 2012 campaign, which began in New York City, had Jennifer Coolidge as the spokesperson.[17] In 2014, the American Heart Association issued its first guidelines for preventing strokes in women.[18] In 2015, the American Heart Association officially endorsed the Tobacco 21 campaign, urging local, state and national governments to raise the tobacco and nicotine sales age from 18 to 21.[19] In 2018, the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology issued new guidelines for clinicians on the management of cholesterol as a way to reduce risk for heart attack and stroke. Newly included in the guidelines is a recommendation to use coronary artery calcium score if healthcare providers are having difficulty deciding if a patient could benefit from statin medications or should focus solely on lifestyle modifications. The cholesterol guidelines were last updated in 2013. [20] Key peopleNancy Brown has been Chief Executive Officer since 2009. See a list of the Association's key staff and volunteer leaders at www.heart.org - about us. (https://www.heart.org/en/about-us) Ivor Benjamin, M.D.[21], is the volunteer president of the American Heart Association for its 2018–19 fiscal year.[22] James Postl serves as the volunteer chairperson of the board with his two-year term ending on June 30, 2019.[23] {{expand section|date=January 2015}}Publications[https://www.ahajournals.org/about Journals]
Standards
See also
References1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://professional.heart.org/idc/groups/ahamah-public/@wcm/@sop/@rsch/documents/downloadable/ucm_472175.pdf|website=professional.heart.org|access-date=2019-01-08}} 2. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living|title=Healthy For Good|website=www.heart.org|language=en|access-date=2019-01-08}} 3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/top-charities//|title=America's Top Charities 2018|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2019-01-08}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.heart.org/en/about-us|title=About Us|website=www.heart.org|language=en|access-date=2019-01-08}} 5. ^1 {{cite web|title=History of the American Heart Association|url=http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/General/History-of-the-American-Heart-Association_UCM_308120_Article.jsp|website=heart.org|accessdate=11 March 2015}} 6. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eWW4AAAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=American+Heart+Association |title=The Father of Spin: Edward L. Bernays & the Birth of Public Relations |author=Tye, Larry |year=1998 |pages=74 |isbn=978-0-517-70435-6}} 7. ^{{cite conference |url=http://jn.nutrition.org/content/128/2/449S.full |title=History of Recommendations to the Public about Dietary Fat |authorlink=David Kritchevsky|author=Kritchevsky, David |conference=Experimental Biology 97, Evolution of Ideas about the Nutritional Value of Dietary Fat |publisher=American Society for Nutritional Science |date=9 April 1997 |location=New Orleans, LA}} 8. ^1 "The Charities Americans Like Most And Least," The Chronicle of Philanthropy, December 13, 1996 and USA Today, December 20, 1994, "Charity begins with health", FINAL 01D 9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2017/11/09/11/41/2017-guideline-for-high-blood-pressure-in-adults|title=2017 Guideline for High Blood Pressure in Adults - American College of Cardiology|author=|date=|website=American College of Cardiology}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.newsroom.heart.org/index.php?s=43&item=852|title=American Heart Association, Ad Council launch Hands-Only CPR campaign|author=|date=|website=heart.org|access-date=2011-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808014503/http://www.newsroom.heart.org/index.php?s=43|archive-date=2011-08-08|dead-url=yes|df=}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/associations-campaign-inspires-teens-to-use-cpr-aeds-to-save-lives-78125492.html|title=Association's Campaign Inspires Teens to Use CPR, AEDs to Save Lives|author=|date=|website=prnewswire.com}} 12. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.heart.org/-/media/files/about-us/history/history-of-the-american-heart-association.pdf?la=en&hash=72CBC9BDE52DD37D342A3890941CD0074DD4545A|website=www.heart.org|access-date=2019-01-16}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.goredforwomen.org|title=About Go Red|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=goredforwomen.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=29 August 2015}} 14. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.myfoxdetroit.com/story/18721365/stiflers-mom-helping-promote-hands-only-cpr |title='Stifler's mom' helping promote hands only CPR |author=Deena Centofanti |publisher=Fox 2 Detroit |date=June 6, 2012 |accessdate=June 9, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020023727/http://www.myfoxdetroit.com/story/18721365/stiflers-mom-helping-promote-hands-only-cpr |archivedate=October 20, 2012 |df= }} 15. ^{{cite news|url=http://momster.familycircle.com/blog/the-new-rules-of-cpr |title=The New Rules of CPR |author=Maria Masters |work=Family Circle |date=June 6, 2012 |accessdate=June 9, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608053936/http://momster.familycircle.com/blog/the-new-rules-of-cpr |archivedate=June 8, 2012 |df= }} 16. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.eldiariony.com/Neoyorquinos_aprenden_a_salvar_vidas |title=Neoyorquinos aprenden a salvar vidas |author=Pedro F. Frisneda/EDLP |publisher=ImpreMedia |date=June 6, 2012 |accessdate=June 9, 2012}} 17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.pimsmultimedia.com/AHA_STAYIN/media.php |title=Media Center |publisher=American Heart Association |date= |accessdate=June 9, 2012}} 18. ^1 "First guidelines issued to prevent stroke in women". CBS News. 19. ^{{cite web|title=States Should Heed Strong Support for Raising Tobacco Age of Sale, Says American Heart Association {{!}} American Heart Association|url=http://newsroom.heart.org/news/states-should-heed-strong-support-for-raising-tobacco-age-of-sale-says-american-heart-association|website=newsroom.heart.org}} 20. ^https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/newsroom/news-releases/2018-cholesterol-guidelines-for-heart-health-announced 21. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.heart.org/en/news/2018/07/13/growing-up-in-guyana-his-parents-encouraged-him-to-dream-big-now-hes-the-aha-president|title=Growing up in Guyana, his parents encouraged him to dream big. Now he's the AHA president.|website=www.heart.org|language=en|access-date=2019-01-08}} 22. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.heart.org/en/about-us/ivor-benjamin|title=Ivor J. Benjamin, M.D., FAHA|website=www.heart.org|language=en|access-date=2019-01-08}} 23. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.heart.org/en/about-us/james-postl|title=James J. Postl|website=www.heart.org|language=en|access-date=2019-01-08}} 24. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.ahajournals.org/journal/circep|title=Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology {{!}} AHA/ASA Journals|website=www.ahajournals.org|access-date=2019-01-08}} External links{{Commons category|American Heart Association}}A [https://www.heart.org/-/media/files/about-us/history/history-of-the-american-heart-association.pdf?la=en&hash=72CBC9BDE52DD37D342A3890941CD0074DD4545A detailed history] is available on the American Heart Association website.
8 : Heart disease organizations|Health charities in the United States|Organizations established in 1924|1924 establishments in the United States|Organizations based in Dallas|Charities based in Texas|Stroke organizations|Medical and health organizations based in Texas |
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