| 词条 | Americans for Democratic Action |
| 释义 |
|name = Americans for Democratic Action |image_border = |size = |caption = ADA logo |membership = 65,000 members |leader_title=President |leader_name=Art Haywood |headquarters = Washington D.C., U.S. |formation = {{start date and age|1947|1|3}} |website = {{URL|http://www.adaction.org}} }} Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) (1947-present) is a liberal American political organization advocating progressive policies. ADA works for social and economic justice through lobbying, grassroots organizing, research, and supporting progressive candidates. HistoryThe ADA grew out of a predecessor group, the Union for Democratic Action (UDA). The UDA was formed by former members of the Socialist Party of America and Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies as well as labor union leaders, liberal politicians, theologians, and others who were opposed to the pacifism adopted by most left-wing political organizations in the late 1930s and early 1940s.[1][2] It supported a strongly interventionist, internationalist foreign policy and a pro-union, liberal domestic policy. It was strongly anti-communist as well.[2][3] It undertook a major effort to support left-wing Democratic members of Congress in 1946, but this effort was an overwhelming failure.[3][4][5] On April 3, 1948, ADA declared its decision to support a Democratic Party ticket of General Dwight D. Eisenhower and Supreme Court Judge William O. Douglas over incumbent U.S. President Harry S. Truman. ADA cited Truman's lack of popular support. It also expressed fear of the candidacy of former US Vice President Henry A. Wallace, his opposition to the Marshall Plan, and his support for appeasement of the Soviet Union. Adolf A. Berle Jr. and Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. expressed their belief that Eisenhower would accept the nomination.[6] After November 2, 1948, ADA supported Truman after his victory.[9] James Isaac Loeb (later an ambassador and diplomat in the John F. Kennedy administration), the UDA's executive director, advocated disbanding the UDA and forming a new, more broadly based, mass-membership organization.[7][8] The ADA was formed on January 3, 1947, and the UDA shuttered.[4][8][9][10]Though strongly anti-communist, unlike other contemporary liberal groups like the Progressive Citizens of America (PCA), which supported cooperation with the Soviet Union, the ADA was still subject to significant McCarthyist scrutiny. The plight of the ADA during that period prompted Eleanor Roosevelt to accept a position as honorary chair of the organization in 1953, and in doing so, put Senator McCarthy in a position in which he would have had to "call her a communist as well" to continue his inquiries into the activities of the group. Because of her actions, many ADA leaders credited her with "saving" the organization.[11] In the early 1960s, ADA's influence peaked when a number of its key members (e.g., Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.) were picked to join the administration of U.S. President John F. Kennedy.[12] LeadershipFoundersFounding, prominent members included:
In April 1948 at New York state convention, ADA elected the following new officers: Jonathan Bingham of Scarborough as chairman with vice chairmen Dr. William Lehman of Syracuse, Benjamin Mc:Laurin of New York City, Howard Linsay of New York City, Jack Rubenstein (Textile Workers Union, CIO), and Charles Zimmerman (International Ladies' Garment Workers Union).[6] Chairs and presidentsSince 1947, ADA's organization leaders include:[16]
Voting recordsADA ranks legislators, identifies key policy issues, and tracks how members of Congress vote on these issues. The annual ADA Voting Record gives each member a Liberal Quotient (LQ) rating from 0, meaning complete disagreement with ADA policies, to 100, meaning complete agreement with ADA policies. A score of 0 is considered conservative and a score 100 is considered liberal. The LQ is obtained by evaluating an elected official's votes on 20 key foreign and domestic social and economic issues chosen by the ADA's Legislative Committee. Each vote given a score of either 5 or 0 points, depending on whether the individual voted with or against the ADA's position, respectively. Absent voters are also given a score of 0 for the vote.[19] References1. ^Zuckerman, The Wine of Violence: An Anthology on Anti-Semitism, 1947, p. 220; Parmet, The Master of Seventh Avenue: David Dubinsky and the American Labor Movement, 2005, p. 214, {{ISBN|0-8147-6711-7}}; Boyle, The UAW and the Heyday of American Liberalism, 1945-1968, 1998, p. 49, {{ISBN|0-8014-8538-X}}; Brown, Niebuhr and His Age: Reinhold Niebuhr's Prophetic Role and Legacy, 2002, p. 102, {{ISBN|1563383756}}; Ceplair, "The Film Industry's Battle Against Left-Wing Influences, From the Russian Revolution to the Blacklist," Film History, 2008, 400-401; Libros, Hard Core Liberals: A Sociological Analysis of the Philadelphia Americans for Democratic Action, 1975, p. 13, {{ISBN|0870731483}}. 2. ^1 Brock, Americans for Democratic Action: Its Role in National Politics, 1962, p. 49. 3. ^1 Powers, Not Without Honor: The History of American Anticommunism, 1998, p. 200-201, {{ISBN|0-300-07470-0}}. 4. ^1 Davis, The Civil Rights Movement, 2000, p. 27, {{ISBN|0-631-22043-7}}. 5. ^Halpern, UAW Politics in the Cold War Era, 1988, p. 138-139, {{ISBN|0887066712}}. 6. ^1 {{cite news| title = Democrats Urged to Run Eisenhower| publisher = New York Times| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1948/04/04/archives/democrats-urged-to-run-eisenhower-americans-for-democratic-action.html| pages = 45| date = 4 April 1948| accessdate = 28 December 2018}} 7. ^Beinart, The Good Fight: Why Liberals—and Only Liberals—Can Win the War on Terror and Make America Great Again, 2007, p. 4, {{ISBN|9780522853834}}. 8. ^1 Libros, Hard Core Liberals: A Sociological Analysis of the Philadelphia Americans for Democratic Action, 1975, p. 22, {{ISBN|0870731483}}. 9. ^Hambly, "The Liberals, Truman, and the FDR as Symbol and Myth," The Journal of American History, March 1970; Heale, American Anticommunism: Combating the Enemy Within, 1830-1970, 1990, p. 140, {{ISBN|0-8018-4050-3}} 10. ^1 {{cite web| title = Teachings of Eleanor Roosevelt: Americans for Democratic Action| publisher = Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project| url = https://www2.gwu.edu/~erpapers/teachinger/glossary/ada.cfm| date = | accessdate = 19 July 2017}} 11. ^{{cite web|last1=George Washington University|title=Americans for Democratic Action|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/teachinger/glossary/ada.cfm|accessdate=29 April 2015}} 12. ^{{cite web| title = Americans for Democratic Action (ADA)| publisher = Encyclopedia Britannica| url = https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Americans_for_Democratic_Action&action=edit| date = 20 July 1998| accessdate = 19 July 2017}} 13. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite web| title = Americans for Democratic Action (ADA)| publisher = World History| url = http://www.worldhistory.biz/modern-history/79901-americans-for-democratic-action-ada.html| date = | accessdate = 19 July 2017}} 14. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news| first = Ernest | last = Lindley| title = Rejecting The Reds: Regrouping Of Progressives| publisher = Washington Post| pages = 5| date = 6 January 1947| accessdate = 18 July 2017}} 15. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {{cite book| first = Arthur M.| last = Schlesinger Jr.| authorlink = Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.| title = A Life in the Twentieth Century: Innocent Beginnings, 1917-1950| publisher = Houghton Miffline| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LLyNX6hMDCIC| pages = 457| date = 2002| accessdate = 17 October 2018| isbn = 978-0618219254}} 16. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web| title = ADA History| publisher = Americans for Democratic Action| url = http://www.adaction.org/pages/about/ada-history.php| date = | accessdate = 19 July 2017}} 17. ^{{cite book| first = Penny M. | last = Von Eschen| title = Race Against Empire: Black Americans and Anticolonialism, 1937–1957| publisher = Cornell University Press| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JI54YX06QpIC| pages = | date = 1997| accessdate = 17 October 2018| isbn = 978-0801482922}} 18. ^{{cite book| first = Daniel S. | last = Lucks| title = Selma to Saigon: The Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War| publisher = University Press of Kentucky| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6oaAwAAQBAJ| pages = | date = 19 March 2014| accessdate = 17 October 2018| isbn = 9780813145099}} 19. ^{{cite web|last1=Americans for Democratic Action|title=Voting Records|url=http://www.adaction.org/pages/publications/voting-records.php|accessdate=29 April 2015}} External links
4 : Organizations established in 1947|Political advocacy groups in the United States|Liberalism in the United States|1947 establishments in the United States |
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